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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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Author Spotlight: Optimizing CFPS Systems for Synthetic Cell Construction
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Programming self-organizing multicellular structures with synthetic cell-cell signaling.

Satoshi Toda1, Lucas R Blauch2, Sindy K Y Tang2

  • 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists engineered simple cell-cell communication networks to create self-organizing tissues. These artificial systems mimic natural development, showing potential for custom tissue engineering.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Biomaterials Engineering

Background:

  • Multicellular tissue self-organization relies on cell-cell signaling networks to drive morphological changes.
  • Understanding these networks is key to deciphering developmental processes and engineering new biological materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer artificial genetic programs using cell-cell contacts to modify cell adhesion.
  • To investigate if minimal intercellular signaling programs can recapitulate hallmarks of natural tissue development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the synNotch juxtacrine signaling platform to create synthetic intercellular communication networks.
  • Engineered genetic programs where specific cell-cell contacts triggered changes in cadherin-mediated cell adhesion.

Main Results:

  • Achieved robust self-organization into multidomain structures with sequential assembly and cell type divergence.
  • Demonstrated symmetry breaking and regeneration capabilities in engineered tissue assemblies.
  • Showcased signal-induced spatial reorganization leading to iterative cell fate branching.

Conclusions:

  • Minimal intercellular signaling programs can drive complex self-organizing behaviors observed in natural development.
  • Interlinking cell signaling with cell sorting is a powerful mechanism for complex structure formation.
  • These findings offer insights into the evolution of multicellularity and potential for engineering custom tissues.