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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

919
Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Nature and Nurture01:10

Nature and Nurture

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Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience,...
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What is Natural Selection?01:32

What is Natural Selection?

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Studying Triple Negative Breast Cancer Using Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model
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Contralateral Breast Cancer Event Detection Using Nature Language Processing.

Zexian Zeng1, Xiaoyu Li2, Sasa Espino3

  • 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.

AMIA ... Annual Symposium Proceedings. AMIA Symposium
|June 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel method to identify contralateral breast cancer using progress notes and pathology reports. The approach achieved high accuracy, aiding large cohort studies in cancer research.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Medical Informatics
  • Data Science

Background:

  • Accurate identification of contralateral breast cancer is crucial for large cohort studies.
  • Existing methods may lack efficiency or scalability for comprehensive analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel, replicable method for detecting contralateral breast cancer events.
  • To leverage both narrative text and structured data from pathology reports.

Main Methods:

  • Extracted medical concepts and combinations from progress notes to identify contralateral events.
  • Utilized the number of pathology reports for each breast side as additional features.
  • Employed a support vector machine (SVM) classifier for event detection.

Main Results:

  • Achieved an area under the curve (AUC) score of 0.93 in cross-validation.
  • Attained an AUC score of 0.89 in held-out tests.
  • Demonstrated high accuracy in identifying contralateral breast cancer events.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method offers a simple yet effective approach for contralateral breast cancer event identification.
  • The feature generation process is straightforward, ensuring replicability.
  • This technique can significantly facilitate large-scale epidemiological studies in breast cancer.