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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Detection of Gross Error: The Q Test01:00

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When one or more data points appear far from the rest of the data, there is a need to determine whether they are outliers and whether they should be eliminated from the data set to ensure an accurate representation of the measured value. In many cases, outliers arise from gross errors (or human errors) and do not accurately reflect the underlying phenomenon. In some cases, however, these apparent outliers reflect true phenomenological differences. In these cases, we can use statistical methods...
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Detection of Black Holes

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Although black holes were theoretically postulated in the 1920s, they remained outside the domain of observational astronomy until the 1970s.
Their closest cousins are neutron stars, which are composed almost entirely of neutrons packed against each other, making them extremely dense. A neutron star has the same mass as the Sun but its diameter is only a few kilometers. Therefore, the escape velocity from their surface is close to the speed of light.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Polyomaviruses detectable in head and neck carcinomas.

Leonard Poluschkin1, Jaana Rautava1,2, Aaro Turunen1

  • 1Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.

Oncotarget
|June 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

John Cunningham virus (JCV) is the most common polyomavirus (PyV) found in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). JCV, often co-infecting with human papillomavirus (HPV), may play a role in HNSCC development.

Keywords:
BKVJCVSV40head and neck cancerpolyomaviruses

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RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Virology
  • Genitourinary Medicine

Background:

  • Polyomaviruses (PyV), including human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), are increasingly implicated in various human cancers.
  • The specific role of PyVs, independently or with human papillomavirus (HPV), in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence and viral DNA loads of specific PyVs (SV40, JCV, BKV) and all 13 HPyVs in HNSCC samples.
  • To investigate the potential co-infection of PyVs and HPV in HNSCC and their impact on disease-specific survival (DSS).

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and a novel Multiplex method were employed to detect and quantify PyV DNA in 82 HNSCC tissue samples and 24 HNSCC cell lines.
  • HPV status and DSS data were analyzed alongside viral detection results.

Main Results:

  • John Cunningham virus (JCV) was the most prevalent PyV, found in 37% of HNSCC cases, particularly in the lip, larynx, and oral cavity.
  • JCV viral loads were highest in the larynx, while Simian virus 40 (SV40) was detected in lip and oral carcinomas at low levels. BK polyomavirus (BKV) was rarely found.
  • 86% of JCV-positive HNSCC samples were co-infected with HPV, but this co-infection did not significantly impact DSS. JCV was detected in 9 out of 24 HNSCC cell lines.

Conclusions:

  • JCV is a frequently detected polyomavirus in HNSCC and may contribute to HNSCC development, either independently or as a co-factor with HPV.
  • The Multiplex method demonstrated substantial agreement with qPCR and identified additional HPyVs.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the oncogenic mechanisms of JCV in HNSCC.