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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Connective Tissues01:17

Functions of Connective Tissues

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Connective tissues perform a broad range of functions in the body. Their primary function is to connect and link different tissues in the body and act as packaging material between tissues. The areolar tissue, a connective tissue prototype, commonly cements various tissue types in diverse body organs. In contrast, adipose tissue cushions internal organs while insulating the body from heat loss.
Hard connective tissues, such as bones and cartilage, provide structure and support to the body.
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Introduction to Connective Tissues01:11

Introduction to Connective Tissues

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Connective tissues are one of the four main tissue types in humans that are extensively present in the body. They are characterized by cells embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of a ground substance and three main types of protein fibers— collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. The ground substance of connective tissues can range from a watery and jelly-like consistency to mineralized and hard. The wide variety of cells in the connective tissues include fibroblasts,...
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Classification of Connective Tissues01:30

Classification of Connective Tissues

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The connective tissues have different properties and functions in the human body. They are broadly categorized into proper, supporting, or fluid connective tissues.
Connective Tissue Proper
Connective tissue proper is the most abundant class of connective tissues. As its name implies, it predominantly connects different tissues in the body. Depending on the cell types, ground substance, viscosity, and fiber types in the ECM, connective tissue proper is further categorized into loose and dense....
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Embryonic Connective Tissues01:20

Embryonic Connective Tissues

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During early development, the embryo forms two types of connective tissues— the mesenchyme and mucoid connective tissue.
The mesenchyme is the first connective tissue that emerges in the developing embryo. It consists of loosely arranged multipotent mesenchymal cells and reticular fibers in the extracellular matrix. This loose arrangement allows easy migration of cells, which is essential for germ layer positioning, patterning, and organ morphogenesis during embryonic development.
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Dense Connective Tissue01:13

Dense Connective Tissue

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Dense connective tissue contains more collagen fibers than loose connective tissue. As a consequence, it displays greater resistance to stretching. There are two major categories of dense connective tissue— regular and irregular.
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
In dense regular connective tissue, fibers are arranged parallel to each other, enhancing its tensile strength and resistance to stretching in the direction of the fiber orientations. Ligaments and tendons are made of dense regular...
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Loose Connective Tissue01:26

Loose Connective Tissue

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Loose connective tissue is found between many organs. Its main function is to absorb shock and bind tissues together. It also allows water, salts, and various nutrients to diffuse into cells that are embedded in it or present in adjacent tissues.
Adipose Tissue
Adipose tissue consists primarily of fat storage cells called adipocytes and little extracellular matrix. A large number of capillaries present within adipose tissue allow rapid mobilization of lipid molecules. White adipose tissue is...
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Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System
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Assessing functional connectivity across 3D tissue engineered axonal tracts using calcium fluorescence imaging.

Anjali Vijay Dhobale1, Dayo O Adewole2,3,4, Andy Ho Wing Chan5

  • 1The Penn State Computational Biomechanics Group, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America.

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Engineered neural networks in 3D hydrogels show robust information flow and synchronicity between neuronal populations. These micro-tissue engineered neural networks (micro-TENNs) hold promise for reconstructing brain pathways.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Micro-tissue engineered neural networks (micro-TENNs) are 3D constructs designed to mimic brain white matter pathways.
  • They aim to reconstruct damaged neural tracts and serve as in vitro experimental models.
  • The functional properties of these neuronal and axonal networks require detailed characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the functional properties of micro-tissue engineered neural networks (micro-TENNs).
  • To assess network activity patterns and functional connectivity within these 3D neural constructs.

Main Methods:

  • Micro-TENNs were engineered with genetically-encoded calcium indicators.
  • Spontaneous network activity was recorded using real-time fluorescence microscopy.
  • Functional connectivity was analyzed using Pearson cross-correlation, phase synchronization, power spectral analysis, directed transfer function, and transfer entropy.

Main Results:

  • High correlation and synchronicity (>0.8) were observed between connected neuronal clusters.
  • Directed transfer function and transfer entropy indicated robust information flow between neuronal populations.
  • Dominant signal power was detected in delta (1-4 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) frequency bands, with propagation around 2-5 Hz.

Conclusions:

  • This study is the first to use directed transfer function and transfer entropy on fluorescent calcium activity to assess in vitro functional connectivity in 3D axonal tracts.
  • The findings provide crucial data for optimizing implantable neural networks.
  • These advancements could lead to treatments for neurological diseases and injuries by reconstructing nervous system pathways.