Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 9, 2026
Assessing Primary Motor Cortex Excitability and Excitability Modulation by Pairing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Electromyography
Published on: October 7, 2025
Cold thermal oral stimulation produces immediate excitability in human pharyngeal motor cortex
J Magara1, M Watanabe1, T Tsujimura1
1Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
Background:
Current strategies of swallowing therapy include facilitation of swallowing initiation by sensory modulation. Although thermal tactile oral stimulation is a common method to treat dysphagic patients to improve swallowing movement, little is known about the possible mechanisms. This study is aimed to investigate whether thermal oral (tongue) stimulation can modulate the cortico-pharyngeal neural motor pathway in humans.
Methods:
Eighteen healthy volunteers participated and were intubated with an intraluminal catheter for recording pharyngeal electromyography. Each participant underwent baseline transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) cortico-pharyngeal motor evoked potential (MEP) measurements bilaterally. MEPs were then measured during thermal stimulation over the dorsal tongue, applied using the Peltier device at three different temperatures; 45°C, 37°C, and 15°C, in a pre-ordered manner. Each of the three temperatures was given twice with a 5-min resting time between each trial. Averaged MEP amplitude changes were analyzed using ANOVA and post-hoc t-tests.
Key Results:
Two-way repeated measures ANOVA with factors of Temperature × Trial in amplitude of MEP demonstrated a significant effect of Temperature both in the stronger (F2,34 = 5.775, P = .007) and weaker (F2,34 = 4.771, P = .017) pharyngeal hemispheres. Subsequent post-hoc tests showed the significant increase in pharyngeal MEPs at 15° compared to 37° in both hemispheres (P < .05).
Conclusions & Inferences:
Cold oral stimulation was able to induce significant changes in pharyngeal cortical excitability, demonstrating evidence for a sensorimotor interaction between oral and pharyngeal cortical areas.
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