Gender differences in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases: a narrative review

Area of Science:

• Pulmonology
• Medical Research
• Gender Studies in Medicine

Background:

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is traditionally viewed as more prevalent in males.
• However, increasing smoking rates in women globally and biomass fuel exposure present significant risk factors.
• Emerging evidence suggests women may develop more severe COPD due to genetic, physiological, and hormonal factors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current evidence on gender differences in COPD.
• To highlight the importance of considering sex and gender in COPD diagnosis and management.
• To encourage healthcare professionals to tailor COPD care plans based on gender-specific factors.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of existing studies on COPD and gender.
• Analysis of epidemiological data on COPD prevalence and risk factors in men and women.
• Examination of physiological, genetic, and hormonal influences on COPD development and progression.

Main Results:

• Women may experience more severe COPD due to genetic predisposition, smaller airway caliber, increased oxidative stress, and hormonal influences.
• Menopause is linked to accelerated lung function decline in women.
• Comorbidities like osteoporosis, IBD, reflux, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, and mental health conditions are more prevalent in women with COPD.
• Women report breathlessness more intensely, potentially due to emotional responses, leading to higher hospitalization rates.
• Diagnostic delays in women are associated with lower rates of spirometry use.

Conclusions:

• Significant gender disparities exist in COPD presentation, progression, and comorbidities.
• Healthcare providers must recognize and address these sex and gender differences for effective COPD management.
• Personalized care plans considering gender-specific factors are crucial for optimizing outcomes in patients with COPD.