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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Ideally, an unpaired electron shows a single peak in the EPR spectrum due to the transition between the two spin energy states. However, coupling interactions can occur between the spins of the unpaired electron and any neighboring spin-active nuclei. This hyperfine coupling results in hyperfine splitting, where the EPR signal is split into multiplets. The signals split into 2nI + 1 peaks, where n is the number of equivalent nuclei and I is the nuclear spin. These splitting patterns provide...
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Electron Spin Resonance Micro-imaging of Live Species for Oxygen Mapping
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Electron-Spin-Resonance Dipstick.

Oleg Zgadzai1, Ygal Twig1, Helen Wolfson1

  • 1Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200008 , Israel.

Analytical Chemistry
|June 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel, miniaturized Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) sensor. This compact device enables sensitive detection of paramagnetic species, offering new possibilities for in vitro and in vivo analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) is a key technique for analyzing paramagnetic species.
  • Conventional ESR requires bulky equipment, limiting its application scope.
  • Existing methods involve placing samples within large magnets and microwave resonators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel, miniaturized ESR sensor that inverts the traditional measurement setup.
  • To demonstrate a compact ESR device for sensitive detection of paramagnetic species.
  • To explore new applications for ESR technology in various analytical scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a self-contained ESR sensor (2 mm diameter, 3.6 mm length) with integrated magnet and resonator.
  • Utilizing a 2.6 GHz frequency for spin excitation and detection.
  • Measuring spin sensitivity (∼10^11 spins/√Hz) and concentration sensitivity (∼0.1 mM) in small sample volumes (∼10 nL).

Main Results:

  • The novel ESR sensor achieved high spin and concentration sensitivity.
  • The compact design allows for measurements in extremely small sample volumes.
  • Successful demonstration of oxygen partial pressure monitoring and free radical quantification.

Conclusions:

  • The miniaturized ESR sensor offers a powerful alternative to traditional ESR instrumentation.
  • This technology enables sensitive, in situ monitoring of paramagnetic species in diverse environments.
  • Potential applications include in vitro/in vivo diagnostics and online process monitoring.