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Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Crystallization of Proteins on Chip by Microdialysis for In Situ X-ray Diffraction Studies
Published on: April 11, 2021
Thermal degradation behavior and X-ray diffraction studies of chitosan based polyurethane bio-nanocomposites using
Muhammad Asif Javaid1, Muhammad Rizwan2, Rasheed Ahmad Khera1
1Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
Abstract:
Five different samples of chitosan based polyurethane bio-nanocomposites (PUBNCs) were synthesized by step growth polymerization technique. Five different diisocyanates were used by keeping hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)/1,4-butane diol (1,4-BDO)/chitosan (CS) and montmorillonite (MMT) clay ratios constant (PUR1-PUR5). For comparative studies, PUR-6 was prepared without CS and clay components. Molecular characterizations of polyurethane (PU) films were carried out by FTIR and NMR which was found to have confirmatory evidence of the proposed structures. X-ray diffraction angles (2θ), d-spacing and intensities of chitosan based samples (PUR1-PUR5) and PUR-6 indicated that crystalline behavior of PUBNCs is influenced by varying diisocyanate structures. TGA/DTA results revealed that chitosan increased thermal stability of PU samples; it also enhanced the mechanical strength and decreased the glass transition temperature (Tg) of all the samples. Based on the above mentioned facts this study suggests the best usage of PUs according to the operational and environmental conditions.
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