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Hydroxyatrazine in soils and sediments.

Robert N Lerch1, E Michael Thurman2, Paul E Blanchard3

  • 1U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cropping Systems and Water Quality Research Unit, Columbia, Missouri 65211.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
|June 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Hydroxyatrazine (HA), a major atrazine metabolite, is persistent in soils and sediments. Its presence indicates an environmental risk associated with atrazine use, particularly in surface runoff.

Keywords:
AtrazineHydroxyatrazineMixed-mode sorptionPersistenceStream sediments

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Soil Science
  • Ecotoxicology

Background:

  • Hydroxyatrazine (HA) is the primary metabolite of the widely used herbicide atrazine.
  • HA's environmental persistence and presence in surface waters are significant concerns.
  • Understanding HA's fate in soil and aquatic ecosystems is crucial for risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify hydroxyatrazine (HA) concentrations in soils and sediments with varying atrazine exposure histories.
  • To investigate the soil and sediment properties influencing HA accumulation and persistence.
  • To assess the environmental risk posed by HA as a persistent atrazine metabolite.

Main Methods:

  • Soil and sediment samples were collected from four sites with different atrazine use histories and an agricultural watershed.
  • Hydroxyatrazine (HA), atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) were extracted using a mixed-mode extractant.
  • Quantification was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV).

Main Results:

  • Hydroxyatrazine (HA) concentrations were significantly higher than parent atrazine and its other metabolites in all samples.
  • Soil HA concentrations ranged from 14 to 640 μg/kg (median 84 μg/kg), and sediment concentrations ranged from 11 to 96 μg/kg (median 14 μg/kg).
  • HA levels in soils correlated with soil properties (organic matter, clay, pH) indicating sorption-controlled accumulation, while sediment HA levels were influenced by mixed-mode sorption.

Conclusions:

  • Hydroxyatrazine (HA) is a persistent environmental contaminant, frequently exceeding parent atrazine levels in soils and sediments.
  • Soil properties, including organic matter, clay content, and pH, influence HA accumulation.
  • The persistence of HA in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems represents an additional environmental risk linked to atrazine application.