Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Linear Equations01:27

Linear Equations

498
Linear equations form the foundation of many algebraic and real-world applications, characterized by their simplicity and utility. A linear equation is an algebraic statement in which each term is either a constant or a product of a constant and a single variable. These equations represent straight lines when plotted on a Cartesian coordinate plane, reflecting a constant rate of change between two quantities.A typical linear equation in one variable has the form: ax + b = c, where a, b, and c...
498
Linear Circuits01:17

Linear Circuits

883
A linear circuit is characterized by its output having a direct proportionality to its input, adhering to the linearity property, which encompasses the principles of homogeneity (scaling) and additivity. Homogeneity dictates that when the input, also referred to as the excitation, is multiplied by a constant factor, the output, known as the response, is correspondingly scaled by the same constant factor. For instance, if the current is multiplied by a constant 'k,' the voltage likewise...
883
Space Trusses01:25

Space Trusses

1.3K
A space truss is a three-dimensional counterpart of a planar truss. These structures consist of members connected at their ends, often utilizing ball-and-socket joints to create a stable and versatile framework. The space truss is widely used in various construction projects due to its adaptability and capacity to withstand complex loads.
At the core of a space truss lies the fundamental unit known as the tetrahedron. This structure is composed of six members that form a three-dimensional shape...
1.3K
State Space Representation01:27

State Space Representation

596
The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
Consider an RLC circuit, a...
596
Linear Momentum00:55

Linear Momentum

18.2K
The term momentum is used in various ways in everyday language, most of which are consistent with the precise scientific definition. Generally, momentum implies a tendency to continue on course—to move in the same direction; we tend to speak of sports teams or politicians gaining and maintaining the momentum to win.  Momentum is also associated with great mass and speed and is often considered when talking about collisions. For example, when rugby players collide and fall to the...
18.2K
Linearization and Approximation01:26

Linearization and Approximation

71
Linearization is a mathematical technique used to approximate complex, nonlinear functions with simpler linear models in the vicinity of a chosen reference point. The method is based on the idea that, although a function may be difficult to evaluate exactly, its behavior near a specific input value can often be closely approximated by the tangent line at that point. This approach is particularly useful when small deviations from a known value are involved.Consider the square root function, for...
71

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Interfacial engineering of ultrahigh-performance sandwich-structured composites for multifunctional electromagnetic shielding, infrared stealth, and self-cleaning.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026
Same author

Pan-genome analysis and abiotic stress expression of the <i>SWEET</i> gene family in <i>Brassica napus</i>.

Frontiers in plant science·2026
Same author

Curvature-Induced Giant Second-Harmonic Generation in WS<sub>2</sub> Nanoscroll on a Metallic Film.

ACS nano·2026
Same author

SPIRAL: A probabilistic deep learning framework for Chinese liquor (Baijiu) classification via near-infrared hyperspectral imaging.

Food chemistry·2026
Same author

Plant hormones and membrane transporters: integrating nutrient uptake, ion homeostasis, and stress responses through hormonal cross-talk.

Frontiers in plant science·2026
Same author

Carbon to nano-carbon: comparative efficacy of conventional biochar and SiO<sub>2</sub>-nanoparticles inoculated biochar in enhancing physiological, anatomical, and molecular salt tolerance in rice.

Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

The Measurement of Unsteady Surface Pressure Using a Remote Microphone Probe
08:53

The Measurement of Unsteady Surface Pressure Using a Remote Microphone Probe

Published on: December 3, 2016

7.4K

Beamforming based on null-steering with small spacing linear microphone arrays.

Changlei Li1, Jacob Benesty2, Jingdong Chen3

  • 1Center of Intelligent Acoustics and Immersive Communications, and School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an 710072, China.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|June 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces null-steering (NS) algorithms for microphone beamforming, enhancing performance with small microphone arrays. These methods create frequency-invariant beampatterns for improved sound source localization and noise reduction.

More Related Videos

Analysis of Cancer Cell Invasion and Anti-metastatic Drug Screening Using Hydrogel Micro-chamber Array HMCA-based Plates
08:32

Analysis of Cancer Cell Invasion and Anti-metastatic Drug Screening Using Hydrogel Micro-chamber Array HMCA-based Plates

Published on: October 25, 2018

9.6K
Characterization of SiN Integrated Optical Phased Arrays on a Wafer-Scale Test Station
05:57

Characterization of SiN Integrated Optical Phased Arrays on a Wafer-Scale Test Station

Published on: April 1, 2020

8.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 9, 2026

The Measurement of Unsteady Surface Pressure Using a Remote Microphone Probe
08:53

The Measurement of Unsteady Surface Pressure Using a Remote Microphone Probe

Published on: December 3, 2016

7.4K
Analysis of Cancer Cell Invasion and Anti-metastatic Drug Screening Using Hydrogel Micro-chamber Array HMCA-based Plates
08:32

Analysis of Cancer Cell Invasion and Anti-metastatic Drug Screening Using Hydrogel Micro-chamber Array HMCA-based Plates

Published on: October 25, 2018

9.6K
Characterization of SiN Integrated Optical Phased Arrays on a Wafer-Scale Test Station
05:57

Characterization of SiN Integrated Optical Phased Arrays on a Wafer-Scale Test Station

Published on: April 1, 2020

8.6K

Area of Science:

  • Acoustics and Signal Processing
  • Array Signal Processing
  • Microphone Array Beamforming

Background:

  • Conventional beamforming often struggles with small microphone arrays and achieving frequency-invariant responses.
  • The null-steering (NS) principle offers a method to control array beampatterns by placing nulls in specific directions.
  • Mean-squared error (MSE) criteria are standard for optimizing beamformer performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate null-steering (NS) based beamforming algorithms for uniform linear microphone arrays with small element spacing.
  • To investigate algorithms for placing single or multiple nulls in the beampattern.
  • To explore the design of fixed and adaptive beamformers with frequency-invariant characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of the beamforming problem using conventional and normalized mean-squared error (MSE) criteria.
  • Derivation of several NS algorithms with constraints for single or multiple null placements.
  • Performance evaluation of the derived NS algorithms for fixed and adaptive beamformer designs.

Main Results:

  • Fixed beamformers designed with NS algorithms function as differential microphone arrays (DMAs), exhibiting high directivity and frequency-invariant beampatterns.
  • Adaptive beamformers combine DMA characteristics with single-channel noise reduction capabilities, leveraging noise statistics.
  • The study discusses the relationships and differences between various NS algorithms and their performance outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed NS approach enables effective beamforming with small microphone arrays, achieving desirable beampattern properties.
  • The developed algorithms provide flexibility in designing both fixed (DMA-like) and adaptive beamformers with enhanced noise reduction.
  • This research contributes to improved sound source localization and noise suppression in various acoustic applications.