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Related Concept Videos

Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

13.4K
Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together...
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

33.9K
The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

In vitro and in vivo Bioluminescence Reporter Gene Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
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In vitro and in vivo Bioluminescence Reporter Gene Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

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Imaging T Cell Dynamics and Function Using PET and Human Nuclear Reporter Genes.

Jason T Lee1, Maxim A Moroz1, Vladimir Ponomarev2

  • 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|June 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Adoptive cell transfer immunotherapy shows promise for cancer treatment. This study details using nuclear reporter genes and PET imaging to track engineered T cells, enabling monitoring and potential safety control.

Keywords:
Chimeric antigen receptorsHuman nuclear reporter geneImmunotherapyNucleoside kinasesPETReporter probeT cell

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Last Updated: Feb 9, 2026

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Small-scale Nuclear Extracts for Functional Assays of Gene-expression Machineries
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Small-scale Nuclear Extracts for Functional Assays of Gene-expression Machineries

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Area of Science:

  • Immunotherapy
  • Oncology
  • Biomedical Imaging

Background:

  • Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) immunotherapy, utilizing T cell receptors (TCRs) or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), offers durable cancer treatment responses.
  • Monitoring engineered T cells in vivo is crucial for assessing treatment efficacy and managing potential adverse events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the production of human T cells engineered to express nuclear reporter genes.
  • To demonstrate the use of noninvasive positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for monitoring the in vivo cell fate of these engineered T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Production of human T cells engineered with nuclear reporter genes.
  • Noninvasive in vivo monitoring using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging.
  • Quantitative, longitudinal assessment of T cell expansion, contraction, migration, retention, and biological state.

Main Results:

  • Successful production of nuclear reporter gene-expressing T cells.
  • Demonstration of PET imaging's capability for noninvasive, quantitative monitoring of T cell fate in vivo.
  • Potential for reporter genes to provide 'suicide potential' for safety control.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered T cells combined with PET imaging offer a powerful tool for cancer immunotherapy.
  • This approach allows for precise monitoring of therapeutic T cells and enhances patient safety through potential remote elimination.
  • Noninvasive PET imaging facilitates the optimization and clinical application of adoptive cell transfer therapies.