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Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance
Published on: July 19, 2017
A review on future episodic thinking in mood and anxiety disorders
Ahmed A Moustafa1,2, Alejandro N Morris1,3, Mohamad ElHaj4,5
1School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, 2 Bullecourt Road, Milperra 2214, New South Wales, Australia.
Abstract:
Future episodic thinking refers to the ability to imagine oneself in the future and project oneself into specific future events. This cognitive process is related to decision making and planning for the future. Although healthy populations commonly project themselves into the future (e.g. while planning a trip or career), patients with mood disorders show impairment in this ability. In this review article, we discuss the similarities and differences in future thinking among the following populations: major depressive disorder, dysphoria, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Importantly, we highlight the methodological variations in future episodic memory tasks in the literature that may explain the differences in the existing results.
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