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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

134.2K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
134.2K
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

14.9K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
14.9K
Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides02:23

Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides

9.6K
Ethers represent a class of chemical compounds that become more dangerous with prolonged storage because they tend to form explosive peroxides when standing in the air. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly oxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides.
9.6K
Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect02:35

Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect

10.8K
In the presence of organic peroxides, the addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene yields the isomer that is not predicted by Markovnikov’s rule. For example, the addition of hydrogen bromide to 2-methylpropene in the presence of peroxides gives 1-bromo-2-methylpropane. This addition reaction proceeds via a free radical mechanism, which reverses the regioselectivity. The free radical reaction mechanism involves three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination.
10.8K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

14.1K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
14.1K
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

5.9K
Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases
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Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases

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Flow cytometric HyPer-based assay for hydrogen peroxide.

O G Lyublinskaya1, S A Antonov2, S G Gorokhovtsev2

  • 1Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Tikhoretsky pr. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia.

Free Radical Biology & Medicine
|June 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows HyPer flow cytometry is a highly sensitive method for measuring hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in cells. It

Keywords:
Flow cytometryH(2)DCFDAHyPerHydrogen peroxide

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a key signaling molecule in cells.
  • Existing methods for H₂O₂ detection have limitations in sensitivity and scope.
  • Genetically encoded sensors offer potential for improved H₂O₂ monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate HyPer-based ratiometric flow cytometry for H₂O₂ detection.
  • To compare HyPer assay sensitivity and capabilities with existing methods.
  • To demonstrate HyPer's utility for kinetic and endogenous H₂O₂ studies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized K562 and human mesenchymal stem cells expressing HyPer.
  • Developed and applied a HyPer-based ratiometric flow cytometry assay.
  • Compared HyPer assay performance against H₂DCFDA assay and cell imaging/fluorimetry.

Main Results:

  • HyPer flow cytometry detects submicromolar extracellular H₂O₂.
  • The assay is more sensitive than H₂DCFDA-based flow cytometry.
  • Enabled kinetic studies of H₂O₂ utilization and endogenous H₂O₂ detection.

Conclusions:

  • HyPer-based flow cytometry is a sensitive and versatile tool for H₂O₂ analysis.
  • This method surpasses traditional assays in sensitivity and kinetic analysis.
  • HyPer is suitable for multi-parameter flow cytometry studies of intracellular H₂O₂.