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Related Concept Videos

Formulation and Manufacturing Process: Physical Attributes of Generic Tablets and Capsules01:18

Formulation and Manufacturing Process: Physical Attributes of Generic Tablets and Capsules

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Bioequivalence in generic drugs, such as tablets and capsules, refers to their pharmaceutical equivalence to the brand-name counterparts. However, for therapeutic equivalence, manufacturers must also consider physical attributes like size, shape, and weight (FDA Guidance for Industry, December 2003). Discrepancies in these aspects could impact patient compliance and cause medication errors. For instance, swallowing difficulties, often experienced with larger tablets or capsules, can lead to...
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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Formation of Dispersible Taohong Siwu Tablets
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Tablets made from paper.

Florian Stumpf1, Cornelia M Keck1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|June 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paper can be compressed into pharmaceutical-quality tablets, offering a novel oral drug delivery system. Coating prevents swelling, ensuring suitability for patient use.

Keywords:
Drug releaseIndividualized therapyOral drug deliveryPaperPoorly soluble APIsTabletsTissue

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Pharmaceutical Technology
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Conventional oral drug delivery systems face challenges like poor bioavailability and patient compliance.
  • Developing novel excipient-free dosage forms is crucial for advancing pharmaceutical formulations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of manufacturing pharmaceutical tablets from compressed ordinary paper.
  • To evaluate the pharmaceutical quality and drug-loading capacity of paper-based tablets.
  • To address rapid disintegration and swelling issues through polymer film coating.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic investigation of paper compression into tablets, irrespective of paper type.
  • Assessment of tablet physical characteristics, including surface texture and appearance.
  • Evaluation of pharmaceutical quality against European Pharmacopeia standards.
  • Production and testing of drug-loaded paper tablets.
  • Development and application of polymer film coating to mitigate swelling.

Main Results:

  • Paper tablets were successfully produced, exhibiting a shiny surface and acceptable pharmaceutical quality.
  • Drug loading did not compromise the pharmaceutical quality of the paper tablets.
  • Uncoated tablets showed rapid disintegration due to intense swelling, potentially hindering oral administration.
  • Polymer film coating effectively prevented swelling while ensuring immediate disintegration in simulated gastric fluid.

Conclusions:

  • Paper-based tablets represent a novel and promising strategy for oral drug delivery.
  • These tablets can be manufactured easily without additional excipients and meet pharmacopeial standards.
  • Coating technology overcomes the challenge of swelling, enhancing the potential of paper tablets for pharmaceutical applications.