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Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist born in 1856, significantly influenced psychology through his exploration of the unconscious mind. His interest in patients suffering from hysteria and neurosis — conditions without apparent physical causes — led him to theorize the existence of an unconscious mind, a repository for feelings and urges beyond our awareness. Freud's innovative approach included techniques such as dream analysis, free association, and attention to slips of the...
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Gestalt psychology, founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler, emphasizes the importance of understanding perception as an organized whole. Developed as a counter to Wilhelm Wundt's structuralism, this approach posits that our perceptions are more than just the sum of sensory parts; they are comprehensive wholes where the relationships between parts define the perception. The principle "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" encapsulates this view,...
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Humanistic psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the deterministic and pessimistic nature of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. While behaviorism focused on observable behaviors influenced by the environment and psychoanalysis delved into unconscious motivations, both theories suggested that human actions lacked free will. In contrast, humanistic psychology offers a perspective that emphasizes the innate potential for goodness and growth within every individual.
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On the Reproducibility of Psychological Science.

Valen E Johnson1, Richard D Payne1, Tianying Wang1

  • 1Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.

Journal of the American Statistical Association
|June 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Replication crisis in psychology: A reanalysis reveals most original studies had negligible effects. Publication bias, not true findings, likely explains low replication rates and nonreproducibility.

Keywords:
Bayes factorNull hypothesis significance testPosterior model probabilityPublication biasReproducibilitySignificance test

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Reproducibility in Science
  • Statistical Modeling

Background:

  • A large consortium replicated 100 psychology experiments to assess reproducibility.
  • Original studies reported 97% statistical significance, but only 36% of replications achieved significance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reanalyze replication data using a formal statistical model.
  • To account for publication bias and estimate effect size distributions.

Main Methods:

  • A statistical model was applied to treat unpublished study outcomes as missing data.
  • The model estimated effect sizes for studies testing non-null hypotheses.

Main Results:

  • The reanalysis suggests over 90% of psychology experiment tests had negligible effects.
  • Publication bias, particularly p-value based, is identified as a cause of nonreproducibility.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support increasing discovery thresholds in science.
  • Adopting statistical summaries that account for false hypotheses is recommended.