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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Subjective Age and Mortality in Three Longitudinal Samples.

Yannick Stephan1, Angelina R Sutin, Antonio Terracciano

  • 1From the Euromov, University of Montpellier (Stephan), Montpellier, France; Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine (Sutin), College of Medicine, Florida State University, Florida; and Department of Geriatrics (Terracciano), College of Medicine, Florida State University, Florida.

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Feeling older than your chronological age increases mortality risk. This association is linked to health factors like disease and inactivity, not depression, highlighting subjective age as a key aging marker.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Public Health
  • Biopsychosocial aspects of aging

Background:

  • Subjective age, or how old one feels, is increasingly recognized for its impact on health outcomes.
  • Previous research suggests a link between subjective age and various health indicators, but robust data on mortality risk across diverse populations is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between subjective age and mortality risk.
  • To examine this association in three large, nationally representative US samples.
  • To explore potential mediating factors in the subjective age-mortality link.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from over 17,000 participants across the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), Midlife in the United States Survey (MIDUS), and National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS).
  • Assessed subjective age, demographic factors, disease burden, functional limitations, depressive symptoms, physical inactivity, and cognition at baseline.
  • Tracked mortality data for up to 20 years, employing meta-analysis and multivariate regression for robust statistical inference.

Main Results:

  • Participants generally felt 15-16% younger than their chronological age.
  • Feeling older was significantly associated with increased mortality risk: an 18% to 29% higher risk depending on the sample.
  • A meta-analysis confirmed this association (HR=1.24, 95% CI=1.17-1.31). Disease burden, physical inactivity, functional limitations, and cognitive issues mediated this relationship, while depressive symptoms did not.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides strong evidence that an older subjective age is a significant predictor of higher mortality risk throughout adulthood.
  • Subjective age serves as a valuable biopsychosocial marker of the aging process.
  • Findings underscore the importance of considering an individual's subjective perception of aging in health assessments and interventions.