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When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the torque...
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Design Example: Traverse Angle Computations01:25

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Traverse angle computations are a critical component of surveying, used to compute the internal angles within a closed traverse. A traverse consists of a series of connected lines forming a closed loop, often used for land boundary delineation or mapping. Calculating the internal angles ensures accuracy in the traverse geometry and is essential for checking survey data integrity.The process begins with known azimuths and bearings of the traverse sides. Internal angles at each vertex are...
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Consider a cylindrical shaft with a length denoted by L and a consistent cross-sectional radius referred to as r. This shaft undergoes a torque at the free end. The highest shearing strain within the shaft is directly proportional to the twist angle and the radial distance from the shaft axis. When the shaft behaves elastically, this shearing strain can be articulated using variables such as the applied torque, radial distance, the polar moment of inertia, and the modulus of rigidity. By...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

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Flow-through compression cell for small-angle and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering measurements.

Rex P Hjelm1, Mark A Taylor2, Luke P Frash3

  • 1Materials Science in Radiation and Dynamics Extremes, Materials Science and Technology Division and the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
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Summary

This study introduces a new compression cell for neutron scattering, enabling in situ measurements of geological materials under stress. This research enhances understanding of subsurface fluid flow and material properties under pressure.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Geophysics
  • Neutron Scattering

Background:

  • In situ measurements of geological materials under compression and hydrostatic pressure are crucial for understanding field behavior and subsurface processes.
  • Nano- to micro-scale porosity significantly impacts subsurface liquid and gas flow, affecting energy resource extraction and material properties.
  • Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is an effective technique for characterizing porous structures at nano to micro length scales.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design, realize, and demonstrate the performance of a novel neutron scattering sample environment.
  • To enable in situ measurements of materials under combined compressive stress and hydrostatic fluid pressure.
  • To probe the effects of stress vectors parallel to the neutron beam on material structure.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a specialized compression cell for neutron scattering experiments.
  • Application of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and ultra SANS.
  • In situ measurements under effective stress up to 60 MPa.

Main Results:

  • The novel compression cell successfully provides compressive stress and hydrostatic pressures.
  • The system demonstrates stability under the tested stress and pressure conditions.
  • The neutron optics are suitable for probing stress-induced changes in porous materials.

Conclusions:

  • The developed compression cell is a valuable tool for in situ neutron scattering studies of materials under stress.
  • This technology facilitates a deeper understanding of porous materials relevant to energy resources and material manufacturing.
  • The system's stability and suitability for experimental objectives are confirmed.