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Atomic Orbitals02:44

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
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IgG4-related orbital disease.

J Flores Balverdi1, D F Baenas1, N C Riscanevo1

  • 1Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.

Archivos De La Sociedad Espanola De Oftalmologia
|June 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This case report highlights IgG4-related disease (Immunoglobulin G4-related disease) presenting as bilateral dacryoadenitis. Histopathology is crucial for diagnosing this condition and ruling out cancer.

Keywords:
DacrioadenitisDacryoadenitisEnfermedad relacionada con IgG4IgG4-related diseaseInflamación orbitaria inespecíficaNon-specific orbital inflammationOrbitÓrbita

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a multisystem fibroinflammatory condition.
  • Orbital involvement is common in IgG4-RD, with bilateral dacryoadenitis being the most frequent presentation.

Observation:

  • A 64-year-old woman presented with bilateral eyelid swelling, dacryoadenitis, and exophthalmos.
  • She had a history of chronic rhinitis and asthma, with elevated serum IgG4 levels.

Findings:

  • Lacrimal gland incisional biopsy revealed fibrosis and a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate.
  • The infiltrate contained IgG4-producing plasma cells, confirming IgG4-RD.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of considering IgG4-RD in patients with orbital inflammatory symptoms.
  • Accurate histopathological examination is vital for diagnosis and differential diagnosis from malignancy.