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Related Concept Videos

Arithmetic Mean01:08

Arithmetic Mean

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The arithmetic mean is the most commonly used measure of the central tendency of a data set. It is defined as the sum of all the elements constituting the data set, divided by the total number of elements. It is sometimes loosely referred to as the “average.”
When all the values in a data set are not unique, the sum in the numerator can be calculated by multiplying each distinct value by its frequency.
Sometimes, the arithmetic mean of a sample can be affected by a few data points...
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Arithmetic Sequences01:30

Arithmetic Sequences

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An arithmetic sequence is a structured arrangement of numbers where each term is derived by adding a constant value, known as the common difference, to the previous term. This consistent pattern allows for the efficient computation of any term within the sequence as well as the cumulative sum of multiple terms. The formula for finding the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is:Here, aₙ represents the nth term of the sequence, a is the first term, d is the common difference, and n is the...
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Phasor Arithmetics01:13

Phasor Arithmetics

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Phasors and their corresponding sinusoids are interrelated, offering unique insights into the behavior of alternating current (AC) circuits. One way to understand this relationship is through the operations of differentiation and integration in both the time and phasor domains.
When the derivative of a sinusoid is taken in the time domain, it transforms into its corresponding phasor multiplied by j-omega (jω) in the phasor domain, where j is the imaginary unit, and ω is the angular...
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Approximate Integration01:24

Approximate Integration

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In many practical and theoretical contexts, the exact value of a definite integral may be inaccessible. This limitation typically arises when the antiderivative of a function is either unknown or cannot be expressed in a closed mathematical form. Alternatively, it can occur when a function is defined not by a formula but by a finite set of empirical data points, such as those collected during experiments. In these cases, approximate integration techniques provide a valuable solution.One of the...
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Linearization and Approximation01:26

Linearization and Approximation

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Linearization is a mathematical technique used to approximate complex, nonlinear functions with simpler linear models in the vicinity of a chosen reference point. The method is based on the idea that, although a function may be difficult to evaluate exactly, its behavior near a specific input value can often be closely approximated by the tangent line at that point. This approach is particularly useful when small deviations from a known value are involved.Consider the square root function, for...
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Application of Linearization and Approximation01:29

Application of Linearization and Approximation

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A drone flying through complex terrain often relies on more than one sensing method to estimate small changes in altitude. Along with direct measurements, air pressure provides a useful indirect indicator of vertical movement. Atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases, and this relationship is commonly described using an exponential model. Although accurate, converting pressure measurements into altitude values requires calculations that are too complex to perform repeatedly during...
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An Innovative Running Wheel-based Mechanism for Improved Rat Training Performance
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Approximate Arithmetic Training Improves Informal Math Performance in Low Achieving Preschoolers.

Emily Szkudlarek1, Elizabeth M Brannon1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.

Frontiers in Psychology
|June 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Approximate arithmetic training significantly boosts informal math skills in preschoolers with low initial math performance. Symbol identification training benefits those with higher math skills, highlighting targeted approaches for early math development.

Keywords:
approximate arithmeticapproximate number systemcognitive trainingnumerical cognitionpreschool mathtablet application

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Approximate arithmetic practice is linked to improved math performance across age groups.
  • The comparative effectiveness of approximate arithmetic training versus educational games remains unclear.
  • The specific math skills targeted by approximate arithmetic training require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of approximate arithmetic training against numeral and letter identification tablet applications.
  • To identify the specific math skills enhanced by approximate arithmetic training in preschoolers.

Main Methods:

  • 158 preschoolers were pseudo-randomly assigned to approximate arithmetic, letter identification, or numeral identification training.
  • Training involved 10 short sessions, followed by pre and post-tests assessing various cognitive and math skills.
  • Statistical analyses examined interactions between training condition, initial math performance, and post-test outcomes, controlling for demographic variables.

Main Results:

  • A significant interaction revealed that children with low initial math performance benefited from approximate arithmetic training.
  • Children with high initial math performance showed greater benefits from symbol identification training.
  • Improvements were observed in informal math skills, not formal math skills, with effects influenced by gender, socioeconomic status, and age.

Conclusions:

  • Approximate arithmetic training is particularly effective for preschoolers with lower math abilities.
  • This training enhances early informal math skills, but not formal math skills.
  • The findings suggest tailored interventions based on a child's existing math proficiency.