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Related Concept Videos

Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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An outlier is an observation of data that does not fit the rest of the data. It is sometimes called an extreme value. When you graph an outlier, it will appear not to fit the pattern of the graph. Some outliers are due to mistakes (for example, writing down 50 instead of 500), while others may indicate that something unusual is happening. Outliers are present far from the least squares line in the vertical direction. They have large "errors," where the "error" or residual is the...
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Cognitive processes affect social behavior by guiding how individuals perceive, interpret, and respond to social stimuli. These mental processes enable individuals to assess others' behaviors, attribute causes to their actions, and form expectations based on past experiences.Causes of Behavior and Social JudgmentsIndividuals determine the causes of others' behaviors by distinguishing between personal traits and external circumstances. For example, if a friend frequently arrives late, an...
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Hindsight Biases01:12

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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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Frames are essential components of various mechanical and structural systems used daily. These structures are known for their stability and ability to bear heavy loads. A frame is constructed using two-force and multi-force members, interconnected using pin joints. In contrast, trusses are made entirely of two-force members.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing
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Influential Cognitive Processes on Framing Biases in Aging.

Alison M Perez1, Jeffrey Scott Spence2, L D Kiel3

  • 1Advanced Technology Laboratories, Lockheed Martin, Arlington, VA, United States.

Frontiers in Psychology
|June 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cognitive abilities, not age, better predict decision-making biases in older adults. Strategic control and memory are key factors influencing susceptibility to framing effects, highlighting cognitive reserve over chronological age.

Keywords:
agingcognitiondecision-makingframing effectsstrategic attention

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience of Aging
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Aging populations necessitate understanding decision-making biases in later life.
  • Existing literature is equivocal on whether increased age elevates susceptibility to biases like framing effects.
  • Cognitive changes with age may explain individual variability in decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of age on susceptibility to framing effects across a wide age range.
  • To examine how age-related cognitive abilities impact decision-making biases.
  • To explore the role of individual factors (gender, education) in framing effect susceptibility.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 200 adults aged 28-79.
  • Administered a comprehensive cognitive assessment battery (executive function, memory, attention).
  • Measured susceptibility to decision-making biases, specifically framing effects.

Main Results:

  • Cognitive abilities, including strategic control and delayed memory, were stronger predictors of framing bias susceptibility than chronological age.
  • Individual cognitive function, rather than age alone, appears to mediate decision-making biases.
  • Factors like gender and education showed less predictive power compared to cognitive measures.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive abilities and cognitive reserve are more influential than age in determining susceptibility to decision-making biases.
  • Future research should focus on characterizing cognitive profiles to predict decision-making in aging individuals.
  • Findings suggest a shift in focus from age to cognitive function for understanding decision-making in older adults.