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Related Concept Videos

Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Self-Awareness and Its Effects01:21

Self-Awareness and Its Effects

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Self-awareness is a psychological state in which the individual becomes the focal point of their attention. This inward focus transforms the self into an object of contemplation and assessment, influencing how individuals perceive their actions and their alignment with personal and societal standards.Triggers and Contexts for Self-AwarenessSelf-awareness can be activated by external stimuli that make individuals visually or audibly aware of themselves, such as mirrors, cameras, or recordings.
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Effects of feedback01:24

Effects of feedback

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Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
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Solvating Effects

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An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells
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[Side Effects of Smoking Cessation].

Raffael Braun1,2, Bernhard Huwiler1

  • 11 Psychiatrische Klinik, Regionalspital Emmental, Langnau im Emmental.

Praxis
|June 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Smoking cessation can lead to clozapine intoxication due to altered drug metabolism. Quitting smoking may increase clozapine plasma levels, necessitating careful monitoring for adverse effects like aspiration pneumonia.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Cigarette smoking significantly impacts drug metabolism.
  • Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is a key enzyme in clozapine metabolism.
  • Smoking cessation alters CYP1A2 activity, potentially affecting drug plasma concentrations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of clozapine intoxication following smoking cessation.
  • To highlight the pharmacokinetic interactions between smoking and clozapine.
  • To emphasize the importance of monitoring clozapine levels after smoking cessation.

Main Methods:

  • Case report presentation.
  • Review of patient's clinical history and medication.
  • Analysis of potential drug-drug and drug-behavior interactions.
Keywords:
CYP1A2ClozapinClozapineInteraktionRaucheninteractionsmoking

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Main Results:

  • The patient experienced clozapine intoxication and aspiration pneumonia after quitting smoking.
  • Smoking cessation led to reduced CYP1A2 enzyme activity.
  • This reduction resulted in increased plasma levels of clozapine.

Conclusions:

  • Smoking cessation can precipitate clozapine toxicity.
  • Close monitoring of clozapine levels is crucial in patients who stop smoking.
  • Adjustments in clozapine dosage may be required upon smoking cessation to prevent adverse events.