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Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
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Relay synchronization in multiplex networks.

I Leyva1,2, I Sendiña-Nadal3,4, R Sevilla-Escoboza5

  • 1Complex Systems Group & GISC, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, 28933, Spain. inmaculada.leyva@gmail.com.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Relay synchronization in multiplex networks enables distant coordination. This study reveals reduced synchronization thresholds and identifies key node roles, experimentally validated in electronic circuits.

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Area of Science:

  • Complex Networks
  • Nonlinear Dynamics
  • Systems Engineering

Background:

  • Relay synchronization facilitates remote coordination between disconnected oscillators.
  • Multiplex networks offer complex structures for studying emergent phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate relay synchronization in multiplex networks.
  • To analyze the impact of network topology and dynamics on relay synchronization.
  • To experimentally validate theoretical findings.

Main Methods:

  • First-order perturbative analysis to identify synchronization dependencies.
  • Numerical simulations on multiplex network models.
  • Experimental validation using multiplexed electronic circuits.

Main Results:

  • Relay synchronization is achievable in higher-order configurations under symmetry.
  • Multiplexing significantly reduces the synchronization threshold.
  • Lower-degree nodes in outer layers primarily support synchronization, while hubs are less critical.

Conclusions:

  • Multiplex networks enhance relay synchronization capabilities.
  • Understanding node roles is crucial for designing and controlling synchronized systems.
  • Experimental validation confirms the theoretical and numerical predictions.