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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
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Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
Psychodynamic theorists argue that unconscious...
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Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy
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Perspectives on Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Immunotherapy for Solid Tumors.

Paris Kosti1, John Maher1,2,3, James N Arnold1

  • 1Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Immunology
|June 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy shows promise for blood cancers but faces challenges in solid tumors. Researchers are exploring genetic engineering and drug combinations to overcome tumor microenvironment barriers and improve CAR T-cell efficacy against solid malignancies.

Keywords:
T-cellschimeric antigen receptorimmunotherapysolid tumortumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized hematologic cancer treatment.
  • Significant challenges impede CAR T-cell efficacy in solid tumors, including poor tumor infiltration and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current hurdles limiting CAR T-cell therapy in solid tumors.
  • To discuss innovative strategies for enhancing CAR T-cell function within the tumor microenvironment.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing existing literature on CAR T-cell therapy limitations in solid tumors.
  • Reviewing recent advancements in genetic engineering of CAR T-cells.
  • Discussing novel immunotherapy combinations.

Main Results:

  • Solid tumors present unique barriers such as immune suppression and poor T-cell trafficking.
  • Genetic re-engineering of CAR T-cells can enhance their resilience and function.
  • Combination immunotherapies show potential to potentiate CAR T-cell activity.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is crucial for CAR T-cell success in solid tumors.
  • Future strategies involve genetically modified CAR T-cells and combination therapies for improved clinical outcomes in refractory solid malignancies.