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Personal identity is the deeply felt sense of self that individuals cultivate over time, intricately woven from intrinsic qualities they consider essential to their existence—qualities such as morality, intelligence, and friendliness. These attributes serve as vital internal benchmarks, guiding individuals in evaluating whether their actions resonate with their true selves.When personal identity takes center stage in one's life, individuals often emphasize their distinctiveness,...
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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Polymalic Acid-based Nano Biopolymers for Targeting of Multiple Tumor Markers: An Opportunity for Personalized Medicine?
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Towards personalized tumor markers.

Vathany Kulasingam1,2, Ioannis Prassas3, Eleftherios P Diamandis1,2,3

  • 11Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada.

NPJ Precision Oncology
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Discovering effective cancer biomarkers is challenging due to tumor heterogeneity. This study proposes using "rare tumor markers" with high specificity, identified through broad screening, for personalized cancer diagnosis and management.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Biomarker Research
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Cancer biomarker discovery faces slow progress and challenges in finding sensitive and specific markers.
  • Tumor genetic heterogeneity complicates the identification of universal cancer biomarkers.
  • Existing biomarkers often exhibit high specificity but low sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel approach for improving cancer biomarker research.
  • To leverage "rare tumor markers" for personalized cancer diagnosis and management.
  • To explore the link between specific genomic alterations and biomarker expression.

Main Methods:

  • Identifying biomarkers with high specificity (>90%) and low sensitivity (<30%), termed "rare tumor markers."
  • Advocating for broad screening of patients against numerous biomarkers.
  • Applying principles of precision medicine to biomarker selection.

Main Results:

  • Suggests that "rare tumor markers" may be clinically useful for specific patient subgroups.
  • Proposes that broad biomarker screening can identify informative markers for individual patients.
  • Hypothesizes that specific genomic alterations underlie the differential expression of these markers.

Conclusions:

  • A precision medicine approach, screening for numerous "rare tumor markers," can enhance cancer biomarker utility.
  • This strategy aligns with genomic approaches for personalized cancer therapy.
  • Further research should investigate the genomic basis of "rare tumor marker" expression.