Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Mass

Atomic Mass

Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.

Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Recording of Pharmacy First consultations in general practice records in England: an observational study of the service's first year using OpenSAFELY.

The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners·2026

Same author

Synthesis of Phenyl 2-Acetamidoselenogalactoside Mimetics and Interaction with Amyloid β<sub>1-42</sub>.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

User characteristics and use patterns in the STI-X STI test vending pilot.

Sexually transmitted infections·2026

Same author

'Initially this work was done by doctors, often ineffectively …': the History of Sexual Health Advising in twentieth-century England.

Modern British history (Oxford, England)·2026

Same author

Serial Cycle Threshold to Assess the Infectious Potential of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review.

Epidemiology and infection·2026

Same author

From medical officers of health to multidisciplinary public health specialists: a history of the professional transformation of public health in Britain, 1970-2025.

Medical history·2026

Same journal

Deferoxamine-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles sustainably reduce iron overload in HepG2 cells. A protein corona study on plasma from hemochromatotic mice.

Drug delivery and translational research·2026

Same journal

Optimizing snake fang-inspired microneedles for transdermal liquid drug delivery.

Drug delivery and translational research·2026

Same journal

Radiopaque microsphere-hydrogel composite for extended-release intratumoral immunotherapy in a large animal model.

Drug delivery and translational research·2026

Same journal

Redispersible nanoalum-adjuvanted hepatitis B vaccine microneedles with enhanced immunogenicity.

Drug delivery and translational research·2026

Same journal

Mannose receptor-targeted MSC-derived exosomes as a high-affinity delivery platform for liver sinusoidal endothelial cells.

Drug delivery and translational research·2026

Same journal

Oral nanoparticle-encapsulated enzyme replacement therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS-I): a proof of concept study.

Drug delivery and translational research·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of Thickness Mode Piezoelectric Devices for Atomization and Acoustofluidics

Fabrication and Characterization of Thickness Mode Piezoelectric Devices for Atomization and Acoustofluidics

Published on: August 5, 2020

Stable increased formulation atomization using a multi-tip nozzle device.

Rita Haj-Ahmad¹, Manoochehr Rasekh¹, Kazem Nazari¹

¹The Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.

Drug Delivery and Translational Research

|June 7, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Novel multi-tip emitter devices enhance electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) for scalable particle production. These devices enable stable jetting at higher flow rates, improving particle uniformity compared to single-needle systems.

Keywords:

Electrohydrodynamic Electrospraying Encapsulation Jetting Microparticles Multi-tip emitter (MTE)Nanoparticles

More Related Videos

A Microfluidic Device for Quantifying Bacterial Chemotaxis in Stable Concentration Gradients

A Microfluidic Device for Quantifying Bacterial Chemotaxis in Stable Concentration Gradients

Published on: April 19, 2010

$Measuring Spray Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles Using Laser Diffraction$

Measuring Spray Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles Using Laser Diffraction

Published on: September 16, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of Thickness Mode Piezoelectric Devices for Atomization and Acoustofluidics

Fabrication and Characterization of Thickness Mode Piezoelectric Devices for Atomization and Acoustofluidics

Published on: August 5, 2020

A Microfluidic Device for Quantifying Bacterial Chemotaxis in Stable Concentration Gradients

A Microfluidic Device for Quantifying Bacterial Chemotaxis in Stable Concentration Gradients

Published on: April 19, 2010

$Measuring Spray Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles Using Laser Diffraction$

Measuring Spray Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles Using Laser Diffraction

Published on: September 16, 2016

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Chemical Engineering
Nanotechnology

Background:

Electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) is a key technique for producing micron and nano-scaled particles.
The conventional single-needle system faces limitations in scalability and process control.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and evaluate novel multi-tip emitter (MTE) devices for up-scaled EHDA.
To compare the performance of MTE devices with conventional single-needle systems for particle formulation.
To characterize the physical properties and encapsulation of ketoprofen within polyvinylpyrrolidone using MTEs.

Main Methods:

Formulation of ketoprofen (KETO) in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution.
Electrospraying using single-needle and novel MTE devices under EHDA conditions.
Analysis of physical properties (viscosity, conductivity, density, surface tension) of solutions.
Characterization of resulting particles using DSC, TGA, XRD, and SEM.

Main Results:

MTE devices demonstrated stable jetting at higher flow rates (5-300 μl/min) compared to single-needle systems.
SEM analysis confirmed greater particle uniformity with MTEs due to stable jetting.
DSC, XRD, and TGA confirmed successful encapsulation and dispersion of KETO within PVP particles.

Conclusions:

Novel MTE devices offer a promising approach for scaling up EHDA processes.
MTEs provide enhanced stability and control over particle formation compared to traditional methods.
This technology facilitates efficient production of nano- and micro-particles for various applications.