Strategies for non-EEG seizure detection and timing for alerting and interventions with tonic-clonic seizures

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a common cause of death in epilepsy and frequently occurs following generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS). Non-electroencephalography (EEG) seizure detection systems using mobile sensor devices permit caregivers to assist patients during seizures and may reduce risks for complications of seizures such as injuries and SUDEP. We review changes in accelerometry, electrodermal activity, and heart rate associated with tonic-clonic seizures and their use in detection systems, including multimodal detectors. We reviewed current and past publications reporting data on linkage between GTCS, post-ictal generalized EEG suppression (PGES), and ventilatory dysfunction. The timing and duration of postictal immobility and respiratory dysfunction associated with convulsions help identify which patients might benefit the most from seizure monitoring and from benchmarks for the timing of seizure detection, caregiver alerting, and interventions.