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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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The Clinical Application of Tumor Treating Fields Therapy in Glioblastoma
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Scalp tumors.

Christine Maria Prodinger1, Josef Koller1, Martin Laimer1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Salzburg Regional Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.

Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG
|June 7, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scalp tumors present unique diagnostic challenges due to location and patient factors. This review covers key principles for managing common benign and malignant scalp tumors.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Scalp tumors display unique clinical and histological features compared to skin elsewhere.
  • Diagnosis and treatment are complicated by poor visibility, anatomical factors, and patient age.
  • Malignant scalp tumors are rare but carry a poor prognosis, necessitating specialized care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the general principles of scalp tumor management.
  • To highlight distinct features of common scalp tumors.
  • To emphasize the need for interdisciplinary approaches in patient care.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on scalp tumors.
  • Synthesis of information on diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
  • Discussion of site-specific characteristics and histological variations.

Main Results:

  • Scalp tumors exhibit significant heterogeneity and site-specific traits.
  • Benign lesions can be challenging; malignant tumors require urgent, multidisciplinary intervention.
  • Early detection and accurate diagnosis are crucial for favorable outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Interdisciplinary management is essential for optimal patient outcomes.
  • Understanding the unique aspects of scalp tumors improves diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy.
  • This review provides a foundational overview for clinicians managing scalp neoplasms.