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Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...

Polymers

Polymers

Conjugated Proteins

Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...

Conjugated Proteins

Conjugated Proteins

Conjugation

Conjugation

Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...

Mechanism of Conjugation

Mechanism of Conjugation

Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that enables the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. This process is facilitated by a donor cell carrying a conjugative plasmid, which encodes genes necessary for pilus formation, DNA replication, and transfer. The conjugative plasmid plays a central role in initiating and executing the transfer of genetic material.The tra region of the conjugative plasmid encodes proteins responsible for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

Published on: January 17, 2018

Conjugated Polymers in Bioelectronics.

Sahika Inal¹, Jonathan Rivnay^2,3, Andreea-Otilia Suiu⁴

¹Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Accounts of Chemical Research

|June 7, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Organic bioelectronics merges electronics with biology using conjugated polymers for applications like biosensors and brain-machine interfaces. These advanced materials offer tunable properties for seamless biological integration and novel device functionalities.

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Last Updated: Feb 9, 2026

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Area of Science:

Organic bioelectronics
Materials science
Biotechnology

Background:

The field of organic bioelectronics facilitates bidirectional communication between organic electronic devices and biological systems.
Conjugated polymers are key materials due to their tunable electronic properties and biocompatibility, mimicking biological molecules.
Current research focuses on developing advanced organic materials for diverse bioelectronic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To detail the unique properties of conjugated polymers that make them suitable for biointerfacing.
To provide an overview of commonly used conjugated polymers in organic bioelectronics.
To discuss the principles and applications of state-of-the-art bioelectronic devices utilizing these materials.

Main Methods:

Exploration of conjugated polymer properties, including their chemical nature, form factor, and functionalization strategies.
Review of common conjugated polymers such as ethylenedioxythiophene derivatives, conjugated polyelectrolytes, and ion-free organic semiconductors.
Discussion of device applications including biosensors, drug delivery, health monitoring, brain-machine interfaces, cell actuators, and neuromorphic devices.

Main Results:

Conjugated polymers exhibit excellent biointerfacing capabilities due to their tunable electronic and mechanical properties.
Various conjugated polymers are successfully employed in devices like field-effect transistors, electrochemical transistors, and cell actuators.
Organic neuromorphic devices demonstrate potential for brain-inspired computing by mimicking neuronal and synaptic functions.

Conclusions:

Conjugated polymers are versatile materials for advanced organic bioelectronics, enabling applications from sensing to computing.
The field is rapidly evolving, with significant scope for developing new materials and collaborative research.
Careful consideration of material design is crucial for optimizing conjugated polymers for specific bioelectronic applications.