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Totally opportunistic routing algorithm (TORA) for underwater wireless sensor network.

Ziaur Rahman1, Fazirulhisyam Hashim1,2, Mohd Fadlee A Rasid1,2

  • 1Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

Plos One
|June 7, 2018
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Summary

This study introduces TORA, an opportunistic routing algorithm for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). TORA significantly enhances data gathering by improving energy efficiency, packet delivery, and reducing delay compared to existing protocols.

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Area of Science:

  • Networking
  • Oceanography
  • Sensor Networks

Background:

  • Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) face significant data gathering limitations due to acoustic channel impairments like high latency and low bandwidth.
  • Existing research has primarily focused on physical layer issues, neglecting the impact of routing protocols on overall network performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel opportunistic routing algorithm, TORA (Totally Opportunistic Routing Algorithm), specifically designed for UWSNs.
  • To enhance data collection efficiency by addressing challenges such as void nodes, high latency, and energy consumption.

Main Methods:

  • Developed TORA, an anycast, geographical, and opportunistic routing algorithm for UWSNs.
  • Utilized Time of Arrival (TOA) and range-based equations for recursive node localization.
  • Employed node location coordinates and residual energy as a matrix for forwarder selection.
  • Implemented a flexible acknowledgment mechanism with variable hops (0-2) based on sender/receiver status.

Main Results:

  • TORA demonstrated significant improvements in network performance across various metrics compared to VBF, HHVBF, VAPR, and H2DAB.
  • Achieved average reductions in energy consumption (15-40%), end-to-end delay (46-73%), hop-count (16-57%), and propagation delay (15-34%).
  • Showcased average improvements in packet delivery ratio (15-43%) across different network scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • TORA effectively overcomes limitations of existing routing protocols in UWSNs.
  • The proposed algorithm enhances throughput and energy efficiency while minimizing latency and packet loss.
  • TORA offers a robust solution for reliable data gathering in challenging underwater acoustic environments.