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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Post-Stroke Upper Limb Rehabilitation with Robotic Technologies for Improved Motor Recovery and Functional Outcomes
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Age-related changes in upper limb motion during typical development.

Cristina Simon-Martinez1, Gabriela Lopes Dos Santos2, Ellen Jaspers1,3

  • 1KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium.

Plos One
|June 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Upper limb (UL) movement characteristics mature in typically developing children up to age 11-12 years. This study provides reference values for UL motion in children, aiding the assessment of neurodevelopmental disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental neuroscience
  • Biomechanics
  • Pediatric motor control

Background:

  • Understanding upper limb (UL) maturation is crucial for identifying deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Three-dimensional motion analysis (3DMA) provides a reliable method for evaluating UL movement.
  • Previous studies focused on specific kinematic parameters, necessitating a comprehensive analysis of the entire movement cycle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related differences in UL movement characteristics across the entire movement cycle in typically developing (TD) children.
  • To establish normative data for UL kinematics in TD children.
  • To provide a basis for interpreting UL deficits in pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty TD children aged 5-15 years were assessed using 3DMA for eight UL tasks.
  • Spatiotemporal parameters and 12 UL joint angles were analyzed across four age groups (5-7y, 8-10y, 11-12y, 13-15y).
  • Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) was employed to analyze age-related differences.

Main Results:

  • Younger children (5-7y) exhibited lower peak velocity and less straight trajectories compared to older groups (11-12y, 13-15y).
  • Significant age differences were observed in scapular kinematics and shoulder/elbow joint angles during various tasks.
  • Movement patterns showed maturation up to 11-12 years, with evidence of a plateau thereafter.

Conclusions:

  • Upper limb movement characteristics mature significantly in typically developing children up to 11-12 years of age.
  • The study provides valuable reference data for UL motion in children.
  • These findings will enhance the interpretation of UL impairments in pediatric neurodevelopmental conditions.