Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters
Published on: February 4, 2018
Electrical and Thermal Properties of Heater-Sensor Microsystems Patterned in TCO Films for Wide-Range Temperature
Ryszard Pawlak1, Marcin Lebioda2
1Institute of Electrical Engineering Systems, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz 90-924, Poland. ryszard.pawlak@p.lodz.pl.
Abstract:
This paper presents an analysis of the electrical and thermal properties of miniature transparent heaters for use in a wide range of temperature applications, from 15 K to 350 K. The heater structures were produced in transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layers: indium tin oxide (ITO) and ITO/Ag/ITO on polymer substrates-polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), by direct laser patterning. Thermo-resistors for temperature measurement were created in the same process, with geometry corresponding to the shape of the heating path. The thermo-resistors integrated with the heating structure allowed easy control of the thermal state of the heaters. Laser patterning provided high precision and repeatability in terms of the geometry and electrical properties of the heater-sensor structures. Measurements at temperatures from 15 K to above room temperature (350 K) confirmed the excellent dynamics of the heating and cooling processes, due to current flow. The largest value for surface heating power was over 3 W/cm². A heater-sensor structure equipped with a small capacity chamber was successfully applied for controlled heating of small volumes of different liquids. Such structures have potential for use in research and measurements, where for various reasons controlled and accurate heating of small volumes of liquids is required.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
The concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts of hot and cold. The scientific definition of temperature explains more than just our sense of hot and cold. Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity measured with a thermometer. Furthermore, temperature is...
Sources and Properties of Electric Charge
Most atoms additionally constitute another fundamental particle, the neutron. It carries no electrical charge. A...
Properties of Electric Field Lines
For one, the electric field of a positive charge must originate from it. That is because its electric field points away from it. Moreover, since the magnitude of the field asymptotes to zero at infinity, the...
Induced Electric Fields: Applications
Range
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
Measurements of the amount of soda in a 16-ounce can vary since different subjects record these measurements or since the exact amount - 16 ounces of liquid, was not...
Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR
While fluorine-19 and phosphorous-31 have high natural abundances (100%) and positive gyromagnetic ratios, nitrogen-15 has a low natural abundance and a negative gyromagnetic ratio. However, nitrogen-15 is still preferred over nitrogen-14 (which has a...

