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Related Concept Videos

Elements and Compounds01:27

Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Elements
Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...
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Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Classification of Elements and Compounds02:54

Classification of Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
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Key Elements for Plant Nutrition02:35

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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes02:31

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

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A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
Some symbols are derived from the common English name of the element; others are abbreviations of the name in another language — Latin, Greek or German. For example, the symbol for aluminum (common name)...
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The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements00:57

The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Modeling Brain Metastasis Via Tail-Vein Injection of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Cells
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RIPK2: New Elements in Modulating Inflammatory Breast Cancer Pathogenesis.

Alaa Zare1, Alexandra Petrova2, Mehdi Agoumi3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. zare.alaa@gmail.com.

Cancers
|June 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) shows high mortality. Elevated RIPK2 activity drives "molecular inflammation" and may predict advanced disease, even after chemotherapy.

Keywords:
IBCNF-κBNOD2RASSF1ARIPK2inflammationmetastasis

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Inflammation Research

Background:

  • Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare, aggressive cancer with poor prognosis despite diagnostic advances.
  • High mortality in IBC suggests underlying drivers of tumorigenesis and metastasis.
  • NF-κB-directed inflammation is a potential mechanism in IBC progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of NF-κB signaling and its drivers in IBC.
  • To explore the potential of RIPK2 as a prognostic marker for IBC.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of IBC cell models and patient tumor samples.
  • Detection of NF-κB activity and RIPK2 phosphorylation (pY RIPK2) levels.
  • Correlation of RIPK2 activity with clinical parameters (tumor stage, metastasis, BMI).

Main Results:

  • Elevated NF-κB activity and hyperactivated RIPK2 were observed in IBC compared to non-IBC.
  • High RIPK2 activity ('molecular inflammation') was present at diagnosis and increased post-chemotherapy.
  • RIPK2 activity correlated with advanced tumor stage, metastasis, and BMI.

Conclusions:

  • RIPK2 activation is a key feature of 'molecular inflammation' in IBC.
  • Chemotherapy does not resolve RIPK2-mediated NF-κB activation in IBC.
  • RIPK2 may serve as a prognostic biomarker for IBC and advanced breast cancer.