Phytosterols in Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Preventive and Therapeutic Potentials
Francisco Blanco-Vaca1,2,3, Lídia Cedó1,2, Josep Julve1,2
1Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau [IRHSCSP] i Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica Sant Pau [IIB-Sant Pau], Barcelona, Spain.
Abstract:
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Compelling evidence supports the hypothesis that the manipulation of dietary components, including plant compounds termed as phytochemicals, demonstrates certain important health benefits in humans, including those in cancer. In fact, beyond their well-known cardiovascular applications, phytosterols may also possess anticancer properties, as has been demonstrated by several studies. Although the mechanism of action by which phytosterols (and derivatives) may prevent cancer development is still under investigation, data from multiple experimental studies support the hypothesis that they may modulate proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells. Phytosterols are generally considered safe for human consumption and may also be added to a broad spectrum of food matrices; further, they could be used in primary and secondary prevention. However, few interventional studies have evaluated the relationship between the efficacy of different types and forms of phytosterols in cancer prevention. In this context, the purpose of this review was to revisit and update the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in the anticancer action of phytosterols and their potential in cancer prevention or treatment.
Insights
Phytosterols, plant compounds found in diets, show promise in cancer prevention by influencing tumor cell growth and death. Further research is needed to understand their full potential in cancer treatment.
Area of Science:
- Nutrition Science
- Oncology
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Cancer is a leading global cause of death.
- Dietary phytochemicals, including phytosterols, offer health benefits, including potential anticancer properties.
- Phytosterols are known for cardiovascular benefits and are being investigated for their role in cancer prevention.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and update knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of phytosterols' anticancer action.
- To explore the potential of phytosterols in cancer prevention and treatment.
- To highlight the need for more interventional studies on different phytosterol forms.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of experimental studies.
- Analysis of molecular mechanisms related to cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis.
- Synthesis of current knowledge on phytosterols and cancer.
Main Results:
- Experimental data suggest phytosterols can modulate tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis.
- Phytosterols are generally safe and can be incorporated into various foods.
- Potential applications exist in both primary and secondary cancer prevention.
Conclusions:
- Phytosterols demonstrate promising anticancer properties through molecular mechanisms.
- Further interventional studies are crucial to establish the efficacy of various phytosterols in cancer prevention and treatment.
- Phytosterols represent a potential dietary strategy for cancer management.
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