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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
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Accelerators

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Accelerators in concrete serve as admixtures to speed up the hardening process, enabling the concrete to achieve early strength faster. Although accelerators do not necessarily impact the time it takes concrete to set, they reduce this time in practice. A common accelerator is calcium chloride, which is particularly useful for hastening early strength development in cold weather or for rapid repair jobs that require quick heat generation after mixing.
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Drying Shrinkage01:21

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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
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Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete01:26

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The alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete involves natural siliceous minerals in aggregates reacting with alkaline hydroxides derived from cement alkalis. This reaction forms an alkali-silica gel that absorbs water, swells, and increases in volume, which is confined by the surrounding cement paste, creating internal pressures that crack and disrupt the concrete. The extent of expansion and damage can be partly attributed to the alkali-silica reaction's osmotic hydraulic pressure and the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Application of Light-cured Dental Adhesive Resin for Mounting Electrodes or Microdialysis Probes in Chronic Experiments
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Spin probe clustering in human erythrocyte ghosts.

L M Gordon, F D Looney, C C Curtain

    The Journal of Membrane Biology
    |January 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new model describes how the spin probe 5-nitroxide stearate (I(12,3)) distributes within human erythrocyte membranes. It reveals probe clustering at higher concentrations, impacting ESR spectral analysis.

    Area of Science:

    • Biophysics
    • Membrane Biology
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is used to study membrane dynamics.
    • Spin probes like 5-nitroxide stearate (I(12,3)) are essential tools for these investigations.
    • Understanding probe distribution is crucial for accurate interpretation of ESR spectra.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a model for the distribution of 5-nitroxide stearate (I(12,3)) in human erythrocyte ghosts.
    • To correlate probe distribution with observed changes in ESR spectral alterations.
    • To investigate probe behavior at varying probe/total lipid (P/L) ratios and temperatures.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a mathematical model for I(12,3) distribution.
    • Analysis of ESR spectral data at 37 degrees C with varying P/L ratios.

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  • Characterization of probe interactions with erythrocyte membranes at low and high loading.

    • Main Results:

    • The model accurately predicts ESR spectral changes with increasing P/L ratio.
    • At low probe loading, I(12,3) occupies high-affinity, noninteracting sites.
    • At higher loading, I(12,3) forms membrane-bound clusters, with segregation observed even at low P/L ratios.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed model elucidates the distribution behavior of I(12,3) in human erythrocyte membranes.
    • Findings validate the use of empirical parameters for estimating probe sequestration in biological membranes.
    • The study highlights the formation of dilute and clustered probe phases within the membrane.