Prevalent lightning sferics at 600 megahertz near Jupiter's poles

Lightning has been detected on Jupiter by all visiting spacecraft through night-side optical imaging and whistler (lightning-generated radio waves) signatures^1-6. Jovian lightning is thought to be generated in the mixed-phase (liquid-ice) region of convective water clouds through a charge-separation process between condensed liquid water and water-ice particles, similar to that of terrestrial (cloud-to-cloud) lightning^7-9. Unlike terrestrial lightning, which emits broadly over the radio spectrum up to gigahertz frequencies^10,11, lightning on Jupiter has been detected only at kilohertz frequencies, despite a search for signals in the megahertz range ¹² . Strong ionospheric attenuation or a lightning discharge much slower than that on Earth have been suggested as possible explanations for this discrepancy^13,14. Here we report observations of Jovian lightning sferics (broadband electromagnetic impulses) at 600 megahertz from the Microwave Radiometer ¹⁵ onboard the Juno spacecraft. These detections imply that Jovian lightning discharges are not distinct from terrestrial lightning, as previously thought. In the first eight orbits of Juno, we detected 377 lightning sferics from pole to pole. We found lightning to be prevalent in the polar regions, absent near the equator, and most frequent in the northern hemisphere, at latitudes higher than 40 degrees north. Because the distribution of lightning is a proxy for moist convective activity, which is thought to be an important source of outward energy transport from the interior of the planet^16,17, increased convection towards the poles could indicate an outward internal heat flux that is preferentially weighted towards the poles^9,16,18. The distribution of moist convection is important for understanding the composition, general circulation and energy transport on Jupiter.