Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 9, 2026
08:38
Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
Published on: April 18, 2019
32.8K
A New Horizontal Plane of the Head
Ehab El Kattan1, Mohamed El Kattan1, Omnia A Elhiny2
1Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences
|June 8, 2018
Summary
A new extracranial horizontal plane (K plane) offers a reliable alternative to the Frankfort horizontal plane for clinical and radiographic head orientation. This reproducible method accurately positions the head in natural head position.
Area of Science:
- Orthodontics
- Cephalometrics
- Anatomy
Background:
- The Frankfort horizontal plane (FH) is a standard reference in cephalometrics.
- Limitations exist in its clinical and radiographic application for head orientation.
- A need for an alternative extracranial reference plane is recognized.
Purpose of the Study:
- To introduce and evaluate a new extracranial horizontal plane (K plane).
- To assess the K plane's reliability and reproducibility as a substitute for the FH plane.
- To determine the K plane's efficacy in clinical and radiographic head orientation.
Main Methods:
- The K plane was defined by three specific points: soft tissue nasion (NS) and superior ear attachments (SAE).
- Measurements were taken with subjects in natural head position, looking forward.
- Statistical analysis included student's t-test and correlation coefficients.
Main Results:
- No significant difference was found between the K plane and FH plane measurements (t = -0.21).
- A highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.98, P = 0.001) was observed between the K plane and other variables.
- The K plane demonstrated reliability and reproducibility.
Conclusions:
- The new K plane serves as a reliable and reproducible extracranial reference.
- It can effectively substitute the Frankfort horizontal plane in clinical and radiographic assessments.
- The K plane is an accurate tool for head orientation in natural head position.
Related Concept Videos
01:11Work Done Over an Inclined Plane
4.0K
The center-of-mass framework helps to easily describe the work done on rigid bodies. Since the internal forces in a rigid body do no work, they can be ignored, and the external forces can be considered in the work-energy theorem.
The work done by gravity to move a rigid body, or the work done by an opposing force to move a rigid body against gravity, can be calculated using the center-of-mass framework. It is the line integral of the force of gravity over the path, considered positive if...
The work done by gravity to move a rigid body, or the work done by an opposing force to move a rigid body against gravity, can be calculated using the center-of-mass framework. It is the line integral of the force of gravity over the path, considered positive if...
4.0K
01:19Introduction to Horizontal Curves
734
Horizontal curves are essential in highway and railroad design, ensuring smooth and safe transitions between straight path segments, or tangents. These curves allow vehicles to maintain speed without abrupt changes, minimizing accidents and improving travel efficiency.A horizontal curve is typically defined by its geometric relationship to two tangents that meet at an intersection point (P.I.), where a simple curve is introduced to connect them. The back tangent refers to the initial tangent...
734
01:03Horizontal Curve: Problem Solving
412
A horizontal curve is characterized by its radius, intersection angle, and stationing of key points. In this case, the radius is 400 meters, and the angle of intersection is 30 degrees, with the station of the point of curvature (P.C.) at 0 + 150 meters. The goal is to determine the station values at the point of intersection (P.I.), point of tangency (P.T.), and midpoint of the curve, as well as the length of the long chord.The process begins with calculating the tangent distance (T) and the...
412
01:27Horizontal Gene Transfer
2.3K
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
2.3K
01:06Body Planes
32.7K
Body planes in anatomy are imaginary flat surfaces used as reference points to divide the body into sections for anatomical study. These planes are essential for understanding the orientation, relationships, and spatial organization of anatomical structures.
The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body resulting in equal division, it is called the midsagittal or median...
The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body resulting in equal division, it is called the midsagittal or median...
32.7K
01:21Coordinate Plane
373
The Cartesian coordinate plane is a fundamental structure in mathematics that enables the visualization of relationships between numerical values in two dimensions. It is formed by two intersecting number lines: a horizontal x-axis and a vertical y-axis. These axes meet at the origin, the point where both values are zero. Their intersection divides the plane into four quadrants labeled in a counterclockwise direction starting from the upper right.An ordered pair of numbers represents every...
373