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Related Concept Videos

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test01:23

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The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
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Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
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The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each...
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Post-approval, manufacturers may modify an approved new or generic drug product. Such modifications can encompass alterations in the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), manufacturing process, formulation, batch size, manufacturing site, and container closure system (FDA Guidance for Industry, April 2004). Often, a drug product may undergo multiple changes.These modifications require careful evaluation to determine their potential impact on the drug product's identity, strength, quality,...
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The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...
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Drug binding to proteins is a complex phenomenon influenced by various drug-related factors, each playing a significant role in the interaction between drugs and proteins within the body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis
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Sulfonamide Drug Allergy.

Joshua M Dorn1, Mollie Alpern1, Caitlin McNulty1

  • 1Mayo Clinic, Division of Allergic Diseases, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
|June 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sulfonamide drug allergy is common, with delayed rash being the most frequent reaction. Desensitization is a safe option for patients needing sulfonamide antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

Keywords:
Cross-reactivityCross-sensitivityDrug allergyHypersensitivitySulfonamide

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Sulfonamide drug allergy is a frequent clinical challenge.
  • Understanding cross-reactivity and desensitization is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and practically distill literature on sulfonamide drug allergy.
  • Focus on cross-reactivity between sulfonamide antibiotics and non-antibiotics.
  • Evaluate the role and safety of desensitization protocols.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of past and current studies.
  • Analysis of clinical manifestations and hypersensitivity reactions.
  • Assessment of evidence regarding cross-reactivity and desensitization.

Main Results:

  • No reliable genetic markers predict sulfonamide hypersensitivity.
  • Early concerns about cross-reactivity between antibiotic and non-antibiotic sulfonamides are diminishing.
  • Delayed rash is the most common reaction to sulfonamide antibiotics.
  • Desensitization to sulfonamide antibiotics is generally well-tolerated and effective.

Conclusions:

  • Avoidance of all non-antibiotic sulfonamides is not currently supported by evidence.
  • Desensitization should be considered for patients requiring trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with a history of sulfonamide allergy.
  • Clinicians should exercise caution in specific scenarios involving non-antibiotic sulfonamides.