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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

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Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
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Review and Preview01:10

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
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Review and Preview01:13

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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

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Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
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Light Acquisition02:16

Light Acquisition

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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

Water and Mineral Acquisition

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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction
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Review article: Asia-Pacific consensus recommendations on endoscopic tissue acquisition for biliary strictures.

B Sun1, J H Moon2, Q Cai3

  • 1Shanghai, China.

Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
|June 8, 2018
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Summary

Diagnosing malignant biliary strictures is difficult. This study provides consensus statements on endoscopic tissue acquisition, guiding modality selection for improved diagnostic yield.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Endoscopic Procedures
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Pre-operative diagnosis of malignant biliary strictures presents significant challenges.
  • Accurate tissue diagnosis is crucial for guiding treatment decisions in biliary strictures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish evidence-based consensus statements for endoscopic tissue acquisition in biliary strictures.
  • To provide guidance on optimal techniques for obtaining tissue samples from biliary strictures.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review to draft initial statements.
  • Consensus development involving a panel of 20 Asia-Pacific experts.
  • Two rounds of independent voting to finalize statements, requiring 80% agreement.

Main Results:

  • Eleven consensus statements were achieved.
  • Tissue sampling modality selection depends on clinical context, lesion location, and expertise.
  • Standard biliary brushing/biopsy has moderate sensitivity (45%) for malignancy, while cholangioscopy and EUS-guided biopsy offer higher sensitivity (60-80%).

Conclusions:

  • Consensus statements offer evidence-based recommendations for endoscopic tissue acquisition in biliary strictures.
  • The findings aim to improve diagnostic accuracy and patient management for malignant biliary strictures.