Phytoestrogens: The current state of research emphasizing breast pathophysiology

Phytoestrogens, a class of plant-derived compounds that are structural mimics of estrogen, can bind to estrogen receptors, acting as either agonists or antagonists. They have been implicated in estrogen-mediated physiology, which makes them interesting targets of study, especially for biomedical applications in woman's health. The 1998 Women's Health Initiative sparked considerable interest in natural alternatives to hormone replacement therapy, thereby triggering many additional studies on phytoestrogens. In this review, key advancements in dietary phytoestrogens are addressed, emphasizing their relation to breast pathophysiology. Recent developments such as clinical trials, precise bioassays for screening and selection of potential phytoestrogens, drug delivery systems to enhance bioavailability of therapeutically favorable phytoestrogens, regulatory guidelines on phytoestrogen-based supplements, and avenues that need further improvement are also discussed.