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Related Concept Videos

Vaporization01:18

Vaporization

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The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...
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When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
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The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Rb vapor-cell clock demonstration with a frequency-doubled telecom laser.

Nil Almat, Matthieu Pellaton, William Moreno

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    |June 8, 2018
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new low-noise telecom laser improves Rubidium (Rb) vapor-cell clock stability. This frequency-doubled laser system achieves short-term instability below 2.5·10-13·τ-1/2, a threefold enhancement.

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    Area of Science:

    • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
    • Metrology and Measurement Science
    • Quantum Technologies

    Background:

    • Atomic clocks are crucial for precise timekeeping and navigation.
    • Rubidium (Rb) vapor-cell clocks offer a compact and cost-effective solution.
    • Laser noise and ac Stark shifts are key limitations in clock performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate a novel low-noise telecom laser system for Rb vapor-cell atomic clocks.
    • To investigate the impact of laser amplitude/frequency noise and ac Stark shift on clock stability.
    • To demonstrate the suitability of frequency-doubled telecom lasers for high-performance atomic clocks.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a continuous-wave double-resonance scheme with a 1.56 μm telecom laser.
    • Frequency-doubled the telecom laser output to the appropriate atomic transition wavelength.
    • Quantitatively measured laser noise contributions and ac Stark shift effects on clock stability.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a short-term clock instability of 2.5·10-13·τ-1/2, a first for frequency-doubled telecom lasers.
    • Demonstrated a threefold improvement in short-term clock stability compared to a direct 780-nm laser.
    • Identified and quantified the primary noise sources limiting short-term frequency stability.

    Conclusions:

    • Frequency-doubled low-noise telecom lasers are suitable for high-performance Rb vapor-cell clocks.
    • The developed laser system significantly enhances clock stability by mitigating noise and shifts.
    • This work paves the way for more robust and stable compact atomic clock technologies.