Lock-in technique for extraction of pulse rates and associated confidence levels from video

We investigate the practical applicability of video photoplethysmography (VPPG) to extract heart rates of subjects using noncontact color video recordings of human faces collected under typical indoor laboratory conditions using commercial video cameras. Videos were processed following three previously described simple VPPG algorithms to produce a time-varying plethysmographic signal. These time signals were then analyzed using, to the best of our knowledge, a novel, lock-in algorithm that was developed to extract the pulsatile frequency component. A protocol to associate confidence estimates for the extracted heart rates for each video stream is presented. Results indicate that the difference between heart rates extracted using the lock-in technique and gold-standard measurements, for videos with high-confidence metrics, was less than 4 beats per minute. Constraints on video acquisition and processing, including natural subject motion and the total duration of video recorded required for evaluating these confidence metrics, are discussed.