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    A multi-actuator adaptive lens (AL) enhances multi-photon (MP) microscopy images of thick samples by correcting aberrations. This adaptive lens offers comparable results to spatial light modulators for improved imaging quality.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Optics
    • Microscopy Technology

    Background:

    • Thick biological samples present imaging challenges in multi-photon (MP) microscopy due to specimen-induced aberrations.
    • Adaptive optics (AO) systems are crucial for correcting these aberrations and improving image quality.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the effectiveness of a multi-actuator adaptive lens (AL) for aberration correction in MP microscopy.
    • To compare the performance of the AL with a liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulator (SLM).

    Main Methods:

    • Incorporation of a multi-actuator AL into an MP microscope system.
    • Utilized a hill-climbing algorithm for automated aberration correction.
    • Compared image quality using two different quantitative metrics.
    • Evaluated optimized images against those obtained using an SLM.

    Main Results:

    • The AL successfully corrected specimen-induced aberrations, significantly enhancing MP image quality.
    • Optimized images showed high similarity regardless of the metric used for evaluation.
    • The AL achieved comparable imaging performance to a liquid-crystal-on-silicon SLM.

    Conclusions:

    • The multi-actuator adaptive lens is a valuable tool for improving MP imaging of thick samples.
    • The AL provides an effective and comparable alternative to SLMs for aberration correction in MP microscopy.