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An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces
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A CMOS-Based Bidirectional Brain Machine Interface System With Integrated fdNIRS and tDCS for Closed-Loop Brain

Yun Miao, Valencia Joyner Koomson

    IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
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    Summary

    This study presents a novel brain-computer interface integrating frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (fdNIRS) and transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) for noninvasive neural modulation and cognitive enhancement.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Neuroscience
    • Integrated Circuits

    Background:

    • Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques are crucial for treating neurological disorders and enhancing cognitive functions.
    • Existing systems often lack integrated monitoring and stimulation capabilities, limiting closed-loop applications.
    • Advancements in CMOS technology enable the development of sophisticated, miniaturized brain-machine interfaces.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and implement a CMOS-based bidirectional brain-machine interface (BMI) system.
    • To integrate on-chip frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (fdNIRS) for cerebral oxygenation monitoring.
    • To incorporate transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) for noninvasive closed-loop brain modulation.

    Main Methods:

    • A dual-channel fdNIRS system was developed to measure NIR light attenuation and phase shift for absolute cerebral oxygenation monitoring.
    • An avalanche photodiode was utilized for a lensless system with subnanowatt sensitivity.
    • An on-chip programmable voltage-controlled resistor stimulator was designed to deliver tDCS currents ranging from 0.6 to 2.2 mA.
    • The system was fabricated using a standard 130-nm CMOS process.

    Main Results:

    • The fdNIRS channels achieved 120 dBΩ transimpedance gain at 80 MHz with 30 mW power consumption and 0.2° phase resolution.
    • The system demonstrated subnanowatt sensitivity and detected photocurrents between 10 and 450 nA.
    • The tDCS stimulator provided stable current output with less than 1% variation.
    • The complete chip occupies an area of 2.25 mm².

    Conclusions:

    • The developed CMOS-based BMI system successfully integrates fdNIRS and tDCS for noninvasive closed-loop brain stimulation.
    • This technology holds promise for advancing treatments for neural disorders and improving cognitive performance.
    • The miniaturized, integrated design offers a significant step towards practical, wearable brain interfaces.