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pH Scale02:41

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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions03:03

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Chemical substances interact in many different ways. Certain chemical reactions exhibit common patterns of reactivity. Due to the vast number of chemical reactions, it becomes necessary to classify them based on the observed patterns of interaction.
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Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
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Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Carbon-Heteroatom and Miscellaneous Systems01:15

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Oxidative reactions are pivotal in metabolizing numerous compounds, including pharmaceutical drugs. These reactions often occur in carbon-heteroatom systems, such as carbon-nitrogen, carbon-sulfur, and carbon-oxygen.
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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

18.0K
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

50.3K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Aqueous Two-Phase Systems at Large Scale: Challenges and Opportunities.

Mario A Torres-Acosta1, Karla Mayolo-Deloisa1, José González-Valdez1

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Summary

Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) offer efficient bioproduct recovery but face scale-up challenges. This review analyzes strategies to bridge the gap between lab-scale success and industrial application of ATPS.

Keywords:
aqueous two-phase systemsbioprocess modelingnovel ATPSoptimizationprocess scale-up

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Separation Science

Background:

  • Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) are established for bioproduct recovery.
  • Significant research exists on scaling ATPS from 10 to 1000 L.
  • A gap persists between bench-scale ATPS performance and industrial viability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Critically analyze ATPS scale-up strategies for industrial adoption.
  • Identify opportunities to enhance ATPS attractiveness for industrial use.
  • Provide a comprehensive overview of ATPS scale-up considerations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published literature on ATPS scale-up.
  • Analysis of large-scale operation considerations.
  • Discussion of phase separation, optimization techniques, and economic modeling.

Main Results:

  • High recovery and purity yields are achievable with ATPS.
  • Scale-up requires careful consideration of operational parameters and phase separation.
  • Optimization techniques (e.g., RSM, genetic algorithms) can maximize yield and purity.
  • Economic modeling is crucial for predicting large-scale costs.

Conclusions:

  • Further exploitation of ATPS intensification, recycling strategies, and predictive models is needed.
  • Development of novel ATPS can increase specificity and industrial applicability.
  • Addressing current limitations will enhance the industrial adoption of ATPS.