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Cancer epigenetics: Moving forward.

Angela Nebbioso1, Francesco Paolo Tambaro2, Carmela Dell'Aversana1

  • 1Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli," Napoli, Italy.

Plos Genetics
|June 8, 2018
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Epigenetic aberrations, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, play a crucial role in cancer development. Understanding these epigenetic changes is key for improved cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Defects in chromatin modifiers and remodelers are implicated in both hematological and solid malignancies.
  • Epigenetic alterations like DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA dysregulation are increasingly recognized as critical in cancer etiology and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of altered epigenetic landscapes in cancer etiology, distinguishing between consequence and hallmark.
  • To critically evaluate causal epigenetic aberrations and their prioritization in solid cancer progression.
  • To discuss challenges and opportunities in developing epigenetic-based therapies (epidrugs).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and critical evaluation of current knowledge on epigenetic aberrations in cancer.
  • Analysis of the role of epigenetic marks as potential biomarkers for cancer development.
  • Discussion of challenges in targeting epigenetic enzymes for therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic aberrations are strongly linked to cancer development and progression, acting as potential biomarkers.
  • Prioritizing (epi)genetic deregulations is crucial for understanding solid cancer progression.
  • Development of epidrugs faces significant challenges but holds promise for targeted therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Altered epigenetic landscapes are integral to cancer etiology, not merely a consequence of genetic defects.
  • Epigenetic biomarkers are vital for patient stratification and improving cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
  • Advancements in epidrugs and predictive models will significantly enhance cancer treatment strategies.