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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

Published on: September 14, 2017

Item Position Effects Are Moderated by Changes in Test-Taking Effort.

Sebastian Weirich¹, Martin Hecht¹, Christiane Penk²

¹Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.

Applied Psychological Measurement

|June 9, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Test-taking effort significantly impacts large-scale assessment accuracy. Effort diminishes during tests, affecting item difficulty and influencing results, highlighting the need to consider these factors for reliable assessments.

Keywords:

generalized linear mixed models item position effects large-scale assessment test-taking effort

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Last Updated: Feb 9, 2026

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Area of Science:

Educational Measurement
Psychology

Background:

Large-scale assessments are susceptible to context effects.
Item position and test-taking effort are known influences on performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the interdependency of item position effects and test-taking effort in large-scale assessments.
To investigate how initial effort and changes in effort affect item response probability.

Main Methods:

A microlongitudinal design was employed over a 60-minute assessment.
Measured initial test-taking effort and changes in effort throughout the test.

Main Results:

Both initial and changing effort significantly influenced item correctness.
Test-taking effort decreased substantially over the assessment duration.
A linear position effect was observed, indicating increasing item difficulty, which varied individually.
Changes in effort, but not initial effort, moderated the position effect, with individual differences noted.

Conclusions:

Test-taking effort and item position interact, impacting the reliability and validity of large-scale assessments.
Understanding these dynamics is crucial for accurate interpretation of assessment results.
Individual differences in effort moderation of position effects warrant further investigation.