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Microglial Dynamics During Human Brain Development.

David A Menassa1, Diego Gomez-Nicola1

  • 1Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Immunology
|June 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Human brain microglia colonization precedes other brain development, but their origin and antenatal dynamics require further study. Research highlights their unique developmental roles and identifies knowledge gaps.

Keywords:
brain developmentglial cellshuman brainmicroglianeurodevelopmentproliferation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Microglial cells are crucial for brain development and function.
  • Their colonization of the human cerebrum occurs early in gestation, preceding major neurodevelopmental events.
  • The precise origin and dynamic behavior of human fetal microglia remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review historical and current evidence on microglial cell origins.
  • To examine the dynamics and roles of microglia in the developing human brain.
  • To identify limitations in current research approaches and highlight future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on microglial cell development and origin.
  • Analysis of postmortem studies on human fetal brain tissue.
  • Examination of rodent models to infer functional roles of microglia during development.
  • Discussion of novel technologies like RNA-sequencing for molecular profiling.

Main Results:

  • Microglial colonization of the human brain begins early (4-24 weeks gestation) and precedes vasculature, blood-brain barrier formation, and neurogenesis.
  • Migrating microglial populations exhibit distinct morphologies and express differential markers based on developmental stage.
  • Rodent studies suggest critical roles for microglia in early brain development.

Conclusions:

  • The origin of human microglia, while debated, is increasingly linked to yolk sac progenitors, similar to rodent models.
  • Understanding the dynamic molecular signatures of antenatal microglia is challenging due to tissue scarcity and rapid developmental changes.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the origins, functions, and molecular characteristics of human microglia during prenatal development.