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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

953
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
953
Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

578
The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
578
Bleeding in Fresh Concrete01:22

Bleeding in Fresh Concrete

595
Bleeding in fresh concrete occurs when water from the mix rises to the surface. This happens because the mix's solid components fail to retain all the water as they settle, leading to separation where water collects at the top. The severity of bleeding can be measured by assessing the total settlement or by noting the decrease in height per unit height of concrete.
Bleeding can cause several issues in the concrete structure. Sometimes, the rising water gets trapped beneath large aggregate...
595
The Colonization of Land02:22

The Colonization of Land

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Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they produced oxygen. Eventually, oxygen saturated the oceans and entered the air, resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, known as the oxygen revolution approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Therefore, organisms that could use oxygen for cellular respiration had an advantage. More than 1.5 years ago, eukaryotic cells and...
37.7K
Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

691
Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
691
Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

523
The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way
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Colonic bleeding from migrated cement.

Georgios C Sotiropoulos1, Zoe Garoufalia1, Christos Klonaris1

  • 12nd Department of Propaedeutic Surgery National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School Athens Greece.

Clinical Case Reports
|June 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Foreign bodies can migrate through the colon wall due to inflammation or radiotherapy, sometimes without symptoms. Patient history is crucial for diagnosing complications like obstruction or bleeding.

Keywords:
Cementcolonforeign bodymigration

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Last Updated: Feb 9, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Colorectal Surgery
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Foreign body migration through the colonic wall is a recognized clinical entity.
  • Etiologies include inflammatory bowel disease and radiation therapy.
  • The condition can present with varied clinical manifestations, including asymptomatic cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of foreign body migration through the colonic wall.
  • To highlight the diagnostic importance of patient history in symptomatic individuals.
  • To discuss potential complications such as obstruction and bleeding.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on colonic foreign body migration.
  • Analysis of case reports and clinical series.
  • Emphasis on historical data and symptomatic presentation.

Main Results:

  • Foreign body migration can occur secondary to colonic wall compromise from inflammation or radiation.
  • Asymptomatic presentation is possible, complicating diagnosis.
  • Symptomatic cases often manifest as colonic obstruction or bleeding.

Conclusions:

  • Foreign body migration is a potential complication of colonic inflammation and radiotherapy.
  • A thorough patient history is essential for identifying at-risk individuals and diagnosing complications.
  • Prompt recognition and management are necessary for favorable outcomes.