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Related Concept Videos

Resistivity01:22

Resistivity

4.6K
When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
4.6K
Resistance01:19

Resistance

6.0K
When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
6.0K
Equivalent Resistance01:16

Equivalent Resistance

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In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
991
Resistance and Conductance01:25

Resistance and Conductance

520
A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
Various factors impact the resistance of a conductor. Spiraling in stranded conductors increases their...
520
Rolling Resistance01:21

Rolling Resistance

675
When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down due to...
675
Vascular Resistance01:20

Vascular Resistance

11.1K
Vascular resistance is a critical concept in understanding blood flow dynamics in the circulatory system. It refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. This resistance is a key factor in determining blood pressure and cardiac workload.
The primary determinants of vascular resistance are vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length. Among these, vessel diameter plays the most significant role due to the fourth power relationship described by...
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Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms
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Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

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Host Resistance Assays.

Stefanie C M Burleson1, Wendy Jo Freebern2, Florence G Burleson1

  • 1Burleson Research Technologies, Inc. (BRT), Morrisville, NC, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|June 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunotoxicity testing assesses immune system safety using tiered approaches. Host resistance assays are the gold standard for evaluating immune function and host protection.

Keywords:
Bacterial infectionsHost resistanceImmunosuppressionImmunotoxicityLatent viral infectionsParasite infectionsSusceptibility to infectionViral infections

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Area of Science:

  • Immunotoxicology
  • Drug Safety Evaluation
  • Regulatory Science

Background:

  • Immunotoxicity testing is crucial for safety assessment of chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
  • Regulatory guidance, such as ICH S8, outlines a tiered approach for evaluating immune system safety.
  • Standard toxicity studies provide initial data, followed by functional and host resistance assays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of immunotoxicity testing assays.
  • To summarize procedures for various immunotoxicity assays.
  • To highlight the importance of host resistance assays in safety evaluations.

Main Methods:

  • Tiered testing strategy including standard toxicity studies, functional assays (CTL, NK, TDAR), and host resistance assays.
  • Utilizing hematology, immune organ weights, and histopathology data from standard toxicity studies.
  • Employing comprehensive and targeted host resistance assays to assess immune function.

Main Results:

  • Host resistance assays are the gold standard for immunotoxicity testing.
  • These assays provide a critical overview of integrated immune functions (innate, adaptive, regulatory).
  • Both comprehensive and targeted host resistance assays offer distinct advantages.

Conclusions:

  • A tiered approach to immunotoxicity testing is essential for comprehensive safety assessment.
  • Host resistance assays are vital for evaluating the host's ability to combat challenges.
  • Understanding and applying various immunotoxicity assays ensures robust safety evaluations.