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Related Concept Videos

Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome...
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Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome...
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
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Protein and Protein Structure02:15

Protein and Protein Structure

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Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
A protein's shape is critical to its function. For example, an enzyme...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase
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Structural Visualization of the Formation and Activation of the 50S Ribosomal Subunit during In Vitro Reconstitution.

Rainer Nikolay1, Tarek Hilal1, Bo Qin1

  • 1Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.

Molecular Cell
|June 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers reconstituted the Escherichia coli 50S ribosomal subunit in vitro. Cryo-EM structures reveal a progressive assembly pathway, identifying peptidyl transferase center maturation as the final step in protein biosynthesis.

Keywords:
50S in vitro reconstitution50S subunitcryo-EM mapcryo-electron microscopylarge ribosomal subunitribosomeribosome assemblyribosome biogenesisstructure

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Ribosome subunit assembly is crucial for protein biosynthesis across all life.
  • Current understanding of ribosome assembly mechanisms remains incomplete despite biochemical and biophysical studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the in vitro assembly pathway of the Escherichia coli 50S ribosomal subunit.
  • To visualize and characterize intermediate structures during 50S subunit assembly.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro reconstitution of the 50S ribosomal subunit.
  • High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM).
  • Multiparticle refinement analysis of assembly intermediates.

Main Results:

  • Five distinct 50S subunit precursors were reconstructed at 4.3-3.8 Å resolution.
  • A progressive maturation pathway was defined, leading to a near-complete 50S particle (>96% identical to mature subunit).
  • The maturation of the peptidyl transferase center was identified as the final critical step.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides unprecedented structural detail on 50S subunit assembly intermediates.
  • Mechanistic insights into ribosome biogenesis were gained through in vitro reconstitution and cryo-EM.
  • The peptidyl transferase center's maturation is a key final event in 50S ribosome assembly.